Geo Thermal Energy - Extra Credit Assignment Essay

Geo Thermal Energy - Extra Credit Assignment - Essay Example Most importantly an ever increasing number of individuals are moving into the urban areas all around the globe. This urban development is carrying an ever increasing number of individuals to the automated life. Also governments all around the globe are acquainting new innovations with less created territories of their nations. These elements would expand the interest of vitality many occasions over. The individuals living in town have an exceptionally low interest with regards to vitality. The generally accomplish all their work by hand or creature. Their essential vitality requests are satisfied by consuming kindling and so forth. By bring these individuals into urban communities or by taking innovation to them the interest of vitality would be expanded as their ways of life would be thoroughly changes. Additionally the whole human race is turning out to be more innovation subordinate step by step. Some time ago vehicles were considered to an extravagance. Today anyway keeping a vehicle has become a need. This shows how the number vehicles throughout the years have drastically expanded. In addition the innovation is turning out to be less expensive step by step. Subsequently an ever increasing number of individuals can bear to purchase and use it, in this way expanding the interest for vitality. The wellsprings of vitality then again are completely constrained. The fundamental vitality source at present being utilized by the world is non-renewable energy source. These fills are relied upon to run out in a couple of decades. In this way the disclosure of elective wellsprings of vitality isn't an extravagance however a need. Additionally non sustainable assets make a ton of populace which is perilous for the air. An answer for world vitality issues is geothermal vitality. Geothermal as the word suggests implies the vitality of the earth. There are a wide range of wellsprings of geothermal vitality. The most widely recognized and incredible sources is utilizing the vitality put away under the earth’s surface. The vitality structure radioactive rot of minerals and sun’s vitality consumed on the earth’s surface is additionally utilized as geothermal vitality. As of now 10715 megawatts of geothermal force is being produced in nearly

The Effects Of War And Peace On Foreign Aid Essay Example For Students

The Effects Of War And Peace On Foreign Aid Essay Since the 90’s, the Western governments have expanded their enthusiasm for subsidizing common society in Africa to advance democratization. This conversation paper analyzes how arange of remote givers, including Western Governments, multilateral offices and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) have created â€Å"civil society† in Ghana, South Africa and Uganda. Other significant help originates from Civil Society Organizations (CSO’s) to aid fundamental arrangements for food wellbeing and safe houses. The three nations talked about in this paper are seen as models by the Western World since they are among the African countries that get the most outside guide. For instance, in 1995 South Africa was the second biggest African beneficiary of US help after Egypt; Ghana was the seventh-biggest beneficiary of US help; and Uganda was the ninth-biggest beneficiary in 1997. Uganda is Denmark’s top guide beneficiary worldwide and was the UK’s second-biggest African guide beneficiary and Ghana was its fifth-biggest African guide beneficiary in 1997. We will compose a custom paper on The Effects Of War And Peace On Foreign Aid explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The absolute most preferred region of US common society help is that of backing NGO’s, for example, human rights gatherings and political race checking associations that look to impact administrative arrangement on some particular arrangement of issues. National associations that get the most help from benefactors incorporate the accompanying sorts of gatherings: women’s associations, rights/lawful guide gatherings, think tanks, advancement NGO discussions, business affiliations, administration/popular government NGO’s, youth and understudy associations, compromise gatherings and expert media affiliations. They are for the most part those worried about supporting political progression, those worried about advancing monetary advancement and those supporting the rights and political interest of specific socially avoided gatherings, for example, rustic ladies or the urban poor. Contributors are not financing the well known areas of society, yet are reinforcing anoth er African first class commited to the advancement of a constrained type of majority rules system and basic change type monetary arrangements in organization with the west. This brings up two critical issues: How significant is this common society in connection with ideological groups, strict developments or the military, and how successful would it be able to be? The main kinds of contributors are the ones that reinforce the situation of the common society according to the state. The World Bank has assumed a significant job in a multi day National Economic Forum in 1997, uniting more than 150 associations and organizations. The second type of givers for common society is through subsidizing the projects and fortifying the limit of individual associations. Such help ranges from financing research, parliamentary campaigning, state funded instruction battles and gatherings to preparing and paying an organization’s overheads. In South Africa, the Free Market Foundation got about 1$ million out of 1997 from the United States for the advancement of monetary approaches in the South African parliament and organization. In Ghana, USAID proposes to burn through 6$ million more than five years to manufacture the nearby considerate society associations through preparing in hierarchical administration and campaigning abilities. The main benefactor in help to common society overall is the United States. The United States is liable for 85% of absolute common society help and spent over 100$ million on common society support in 1993 and 1994 alone, equal to 33% of its political guide spending. Two significant variables clarify US predominance around there. First is the spot of vote based system advancement inside the global job of the United States. Second is the variety in accentuation among contributors in their vote based system advancement. The British Government advances great government as one of its center destinations, yet a lot of its work is aimed at open part change and upgraded ability of government. Sweden accentuates human rights inside its popular government help. Conversely, the United States underlines common society. Notwithstanding three direct administrative channels, a large group of US NGO’s are associated with disseminating government reserves, the most significant of which is the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). In spite of the fact that the NED’s spending plan was just a single tenth of USAID’s financial plan for majority rules system help, the NED is profoundly critical. â€Å"It is a point of convergence for majority rule government advancement exercises far and wide and the impetus to an overall law based development activists, intelligent people and NED-type political establishments. In South Africa, the United States has assumed a significant job since the 1980’s in molding common society. Somewhere in the range of 1985 and 1993 it gave 338$ million in help, every last bit of it to NGO’s.

Googles Business Model

Googles Business Model © Shutterstock.com | turtixIn 2006, the verb ‘Google’ was added to the  Merriam-Webster  Collegiate Dictionary and the  Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet. In this article, we will look at an 1) introduction to Google, 2) business model, and 3) business segments and products.INTRODUCTION TO GOOGLEGoogle Inc is a technology company based in Mountain View, California. The company began as an internet search engine but has since become a technology giant that offers over fifty products and services. These include email, online document creation, software, cloud computing, online advertising technologies, mobile phones and tablets computers among others. The search engine is the most successful one on the internet, handling more than 70 percent of all online search requests.The company was created by two then PhD students at the Standford University, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, in 1998. The two own 14 percent o f the shares together but have voting power through a supervoting stock. The company began with a mission statement to “organize the world’s information and make It universally accessible and useful.” An unofficial slogan is said to be “Don’t be evil.” The company was incorporated in September 1998 and moved to its current headquarters location in 2004.Google has been listed by Alexa as the most visited website in the world. The top hundred most visited sites are also peppered with google websites, both local Google language sites and other sites such as Blogger and Youtube that Google owns. To run its giant portfolio of services, Google is said to have more than 1 million servers in data centers all around the world. These are necessary since the company needs to process over 1 billion search requests and over 24 perabytes of data generated by users every day. Despite this massive portfolio, the company’s core strength remains its search engine and in 2011, the compan y earned 97 percent of its revenue through the advertising that is based on users’ search requests.The size of the company and its vast product portfolio makes in one of the top four most influential technology companies in the world, keeping company with Apple, IBM and Microsoft. Because of the company’s market dominance and success, it is often in the public eye through media coverage including criticism regarding key issues such as copyrights, censorship and privacy.By 2013, the company had 70 offices in over 40 countries. In October 2014, Interbrand ranked Google as the second most valuable brand in the world, following Apple.HistoryThe BeginningThe basis for Google was laid in January of 1996. It began as a research project for two PhD students at Stanford University. These students were Larry Page and Sergey Brin. At that point, web search engines would rank returned results based on the frequency of the inputted search terms on a page. Page and Brin took the task of comin g up with a better system to analyze the relationships between web pages. This system was named PageRank by the two. This system went beyond the basic process of counting the number of search terms to determining the relevance of a search result page by the number and importance of the pages that linked to this page.Since the search engine explored backlinks to rank the importance of a website as a search result, the two founders gave it the name BackRub. This name was not much of a success and eventually the name Google was agreed upon. This came about as a misspelling of the word googol. Googol means a number 1 followed by one hundred zeros and was chosen to represent the large amounts of data and information the search engine would process. Before the domain name for the website was registered officially in September 1997, it ran under the Stanford University website. The company was incorporated in September 1998 and the office was set up in a friend’s garage in Menlo Park, Ca lifornia. Another fellow PhD student was hired as the first employee. The company continued to grow and by 2011, the site reached one billion unique visitors per month. In 2012, the company earned annual revenue of US$50 billion for the first time.Funding and IPOThe company received its first funding from Andy Bechtolsheim, a co-founder of Sun Microsystems. The funding worth US$100,000 came before the incorporation of the company. Page and Brin attempted to sell their website to Excite for US$1 million in 1999 because they felt that it was distracting them from their PhD work. They were turned away and went on to secure $25 million in funding from major investors. These included venture capital companies such as Kleiner Perkins Caufield Byers as well as Sequoia Capital. The company’s IPO took place five years later. 19,605,052 shares were offered at $85 per share. Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse were the underwriters for the deal and also designed an online auction system for th e shares sale. The sale was worth $1.67 billion and gave the company market capitalization worth $23 billion with this figure growing to $397 billion by 2014.The company retained control of the majority of the shares. There were misgivings that the IPO would have an impact on the company’s culture through issues such as shareholder pressure to reduce employee benefits and the sudden millionaire status of many executives on paper. The founders addressed these concerns and assured potential investors that the company culture would remain intact. To ensure that this continues to happen, the company has a designated Chief Culture Officer. This role is served by the Director of Human Resources and the purpose is to ensure that the culture and way of work is developed and maintained and kept true to the core values that formed the basis for the company. Over the years, there have been concerns and suggestions that the company has lost its anti-corporate and no evil way of thinking as we ll as some allegations regarding sexism and ageism from former employees.Further GrowthBy March 1999, the company shifted to an office in Palo Alto, California. The eventual move to the Googleplex in Mountain View, California happened in 2003, when the company outgrew other locations. Other well-known Silicon Valley tech startup companies also had their offices in the city. Though initially opposed by the founders, the company began its sale of advertisements based on keywords in the following year to form the basis of an advertising-funded search engine. The advertisements remained text only to ensure that the page remained uncluttered and quick. This model was first created by another company which sued Google for infringement. The case was settled out of court with Google issuing shares of common stock in return for a license.History of Google The Full Story of Google Company Full Documentaries BUSINESS MODELThe Google Inc business model can be seen more clearly when divided in to some key areas:Key Partners: Key partners for Google include suppliers, distributors, the Open Handset Alliance and original equipment manufacturers.Key Activities: Key activities include research and development for both the development of new technologies and features and the improvement of existing ones. There is also significant time spent in the maintenance and management of massive IT infrastructures and products and services. Apart from this, there is work done on marketing, strategy and alliances.Key Resources: Key resources for Google would include datacenters, servers and other IT infrastructure, IPs as well as the human resource. Other resources include patents, licenses and proprietary material.Value Proposition: The company aims to create value for its customers for internet search, advertising, operating systems and platforms and enterprise. The overarching principle is drawn from the mission statement which is to manage the world’s information and make it univers ally accessible and useful.Channels: Channels to reach customers include google.com, google affiliate websites and google Adwords. Channels to reach advertisers and network members include sales and support teams.Customer Relationships: Channels to build customer relationships can include sales and support services as well as dedicated teams for larger customers.Customer Segments: Google has three main customers. The users who are able to organize information in useful ways using Google products and services, the advertisers who have a cost effective way to display online and offline ads to customers and Google Network Members and Other Content Providers who use the adsense service. Other extended segments can include mobile device users and makers as well as developers.Cost Structure: Primary costs for Google include the IT infrastructure, people, RD costs and marketing costs.Revenue Streams: The primary revenue stream for the company remains its ad-powered search engine. This amou nts to as much as 96 percent of all revenue.BUSINESS SEGMENTS AND PRODUCTSGoogle has an immense portfolio of products and services under its umbrella. A complete list of these can be found here and here.Some major products, which can be seen as business segments, include the following:AdvertisingAdvertising remains the primary focus for the company and brings in the most revenue. In 2006, the company made over $10 billion in total advertising revenues while other streams brought in only $112 million. By 2011, 96 percent of total revenue was coming in from advertising related programs and activities.Advertising Products and ServicesSome popular advertising products and services include:Google Analytics: This product allows owners of websites to keep track of visitors to their sites and how people use them. One way of measuring is through examining click rates for links on page.Adwords: This product helps advertisers display advertisements in the Google content network. This can be do ne in a few different ways such as cost-per-click or cost-per-view.Adsense: Adsense is a related to Adwords and this product can be used to help website owners display advertisements on their own website. The owners can then earn money from clicks on these ads.Search EngineThe search engine is the primary business for the company and also earns its highest revenue. The search engine was ranked the top search engine in the US in 2009 and received 65 percent of all search engine visitors. The search engine indexes web pages by the billions to allow users to access information through keyword inputs. The search uses Google’s PageRank algorithm to refine search results.Search Engine Products and ServicesGoogle Books: The search engine hosts Google Books where the company scans books and offers limited previews for these. Where copyrights are not an issue, whole books are also on offer. These are available in the book search engine. Digital versions of new books are also sold.Special S earches: Other searches include options to search for scholarly articles, blogs, news stories, images and videos as well as the ability to analyze past and current trends. There is a special search option as well where a search bar can be placed on a website to search through the contents of that website.Productivity ToolsA major product group for Google is productivity tools. These include:Gmail: Gmail is a free web based mail service offered by Google. The service launched as an invitation only one in 2004 and eventually opened to everyone by 2007. By 2009, the service had 146 million users. Gmail was the first service to offer 1GB of free storage space as well as the option to keep conversations in one thread. At present Gmail allows users over 15 GB of free space as well additional storage available for a small fee. The service uses a special technique to allow the webpage to remain interactive without the need to refresh.Google Doc: Google documents is a free office package tha t offers users the ability to create, edit, share and collaborate on work. The documents are all online and can be downloaded. This service also allows users to create forms and surveys.Google Drive: Google drive is an online storage service offered to Google users.Google Calendar: Google calendar is also a service which can be synced across different Google platforms.Google Translate: Google translate is a free translation service. It provides instant translations for dozens of languages. The service translates single words and also entire webpages.Google Code: Another initiative is the Google Code. This is an open source hosting software project hosting where developers can download incomplete programs for no cost.Enterprise ProductsSome enterprise products include:Google Search Appliance: The Google Search Appliance is a rack-mounted device. This device provides document indexing functionality and this can be integrated into an intranet, document management system or a website. T his service was launched in 2002 for larger organizations and in 2006 for smaller ones. Later that year, a Customer Search business edition was also launched which gave an advertising free access to Google.com’s index. This became Google Site Search later on.Google Apps: Through Google Apps, Google’s product offerings can be brought to other domains. There are basic free editions as well as Google Apps for business, education and government.Other ProductsSome other basic Google products include:Google News: This service began in 2002 as an automated service that summarizes news items from multiple websites.Google Fiber: The Google Fiber project began in 2010. The plan was to create an ultra-high-speed broadband network in a few American city. Kansas City was chosen as a pilot project, and the project was completed in 2012.Google Phones and Android OS: Google launched Android in 2007, a mobile phone operating system. Google acquired the OS as an open source software and allows de velopers to use a software development kit to develop applications. Google also released a phone called the Nexus One.Google Chrom: Google Chrome was announced in 2008 as an open source web browser. In 2009 Google Chrome OS was launched which as a Linux based operating system. The OS only supported a web browser to be used for logging people into their online Google accounts.Google Goggles: This is a mobile application for Android and Apple iOS. It is used for image recognition and image based searches. The application can identify historic landmarks, scan business cards and even solve puzzles.Google Wallet: A mobile application for wireless payments was announced in 2011, called Google Wallet.

The New York House Of Refuge - 1403 Words

The New York House of Refuge was the first juvenile reformatory in the nation. It began as a product of a humanitarian association. Organized in 1815, it was originally called the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism. The Reverend John Stanford founded this Society. During the year 1820 and continuing through the middle of 1821, the Society completed a survey of the United States prisons. Upon completion, the Society then appointed a committee to study the findings. The report the committee put out criticized the treatment and the handling of prisoners. It also showed great remorse for the imprisonment of individuals regardless of age or the severity of crime. After the report was adopted in 1824, reorganization was called for by the Society, for the purpose of establishing a reformatory. After the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism ceased to exist as an organization in 1823, the Society for the Reformation for Juvenile Delinquents took its place.(Pickett, 1969) Even though the New York House of Refuge was managed privately, the State of New York was involved form the beginning. It participated in establishing inmate commitment procedures, developing treatment programs, funding and in the organization process for the program. Members of the Society appointed a thirty-member Board of Managers. Meeting weekly as the policy making section, an Acting Committee, consisting initially of five and later seven Board members was also implemented. Appointed by the ActingShow MoreRelatedThe First Of The Five Periods976 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Delinquents in the city of New York which main goal was to establish a reformatory. The Refuge Period is the second and lasted from 1824-1899. In the Refuge Period reformers created separate institutions such as houses of refuge, reform schools, and foster homes. In this period the institutions housed both juvenile delinquents, dependent children, and abused children. In 1824 The New York House of Reguge, the first U.S. reformatory, opened to house juvenile delinquents for youthsRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System For Juveniles1397 Words   |  6 Pagesfacilities for juveniles. In New York City, the Society for Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency created the New York House of Refuge. This was the first U.S. reformatory opened to house juvenile delinquents, defined as youth’s convicted of criminal offences or found in vagrancy (Class Textbook, Chap 2. Pg. 35). Within a couple years there were locations in Boston and Philadelphia. The average number of youth in a house of refuge is 200, but the New York House of Refuge houses over 1,000. For the firstRead MoreThe United States Juvenile Justice Court Was Based On The1325 Words   |  6 PagesStates juvenile justice court was based on the English parens patriae adopted in the United States as part of the legal tradition of England. But the efforts of the state to rehabilitate juvenile offenders with institutional treatment with the houses of refuge and reformatories failed. Today, the United States has 51 different juvenile court systems; the laws and statutes vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Thus, each state’s approach to handle the youth offenders is responsible for how the youthRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt : The President Of The United States Under The Republican Party932 Words   |  4 PagesTheodore Roosevelt â€Å"Teddy† became the 26th president of the United States under the Republican Party. At age 42, he was the youngest president in the Nation s history. He brought new excitement to the Presidency. For example, Roosevelt was a lover of animals and wildlife and had more than 40 pets while in the White House. His daughter had a snake and his sons rode their pony on the elevators. Roosevelt was the first president to speak out on conservation. The conservation legacy of Roosevelt is foundRead MoreThe Origins Of Juvenile Justice1385 Words   |  6 Pages1. Describe the origins of juvenile justice, from the house of refuge to the juvenile programs of today. Ans: In the early nineteenth century, the idea of reforming youth offenders took root in the United States. The House of Refuge in New York, which opened in 1824, was the first juvenile house of reform in the United States. This was the first attempt to house juvenile offenders in a separate facility and other States, like Maryland, would soon follow suit. The idea was not to punish juvenilesRead MoreThe Debate Over the Idea of Drilling for Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge1480 Words   |  6 PagesIdea of Drilling for Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Throughout American history, there have been a number of conflicts and disagreements among the populace over various issues. These conflicts of interest help to define political parties and allow people to distinguish themselves through party allegiance. One such item that is currently being debated is over the idea of drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. For years, environmentalist groups and oil industryRead More3 Colonies Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagescolonization of America were religion, economics, and government. The most important reasons for colonization were to seek refuge, religious freedom, and economic opportunity. To a lesser degree, the colonists sought to establish a stable and progressive government. Many colonies were founded for religious purposes. While religion was involved with all of the colonies, Massachusetts, New Haven, Maryland, and Pennsylvania were established exclusively for religious purposes. The people in the CarolinasRead More Juvenile Justice Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesalmost the beginning children have been treated differently from adults who commit the same acts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The origin of juvenile corrections in the United States goes, back at least to the opening of the New York House of Refuge in 1825. This house of refuge was established to meet the same kinds of needs the JJS of today tries to meet, including avoidance of harsh criminal penalties for unfortunate children, segregating quot;predeliquentquot; children from hardened delinquentsRead MoreCriminal Justice And The Juvenile Justice System1689 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical aspect the idea; of having a different legal structure for youth offenders is rather new. In the past, children as young as 7 years old who were detained for crimes were incarcerated right along with adults. In the United States in the earl nineteenth century, the concept of amending juveniles was fundamental in this country. The first juvenile facility called â€Å"The House of Refuge† in New York was opened in 1824 by the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency. This was the first pursuit to separateRead MoreJuvenile Justice System As A Form Of Crime Control882 Words   |  4 Pagespunitive over time (Caldwell, 1961). In order to understand the fundamental changes that have occurred over time, it is important to have a brief understanding of the history of the juvenile justice system. Although the juvenile court is relatively new in that it is just a little over a century old (Mack, 1909), it is among one of the more important American inventions to emerge from the Industrial Revolution era (Sutton, 1985). The philosophy of separating children from adults in regard to deviant

Testing For Reducing Prison Rights - 2121 Words

The United States government has a high mandatory minimum for first time nonviolent drug charges. Therefore, offenders stay in the prison system longer and facilities are not able to properly provide the necessary accommodations to catch up due to the increase of non-violent prisoners that fill the system. According to the article â€Å"Tests for Reducing Prison Populations† by Erik Eckholm, one of the problems is that the United States government is trying to come up with better mandatory sentencing and strengthen the crumbling rehabilitation system for nonviolent prisoners (1). The Overcrowding of prisons within the United States is an issue that needs to be addressed because there are too many tax dollars being spent, prison sentences change or do not necessarily fit the crime, and drug offenders and nonviolent criminals, who need services other than prison time, are draining the system. The system sees many of the same habitual drug offenders daily due to some cities not providing enough resources or programs to keep these habitual offenders out. According to the article â€Å"The Prison Problem† by David Brooks, politicians are wanting to crack down on criminals to show that they are tough when it comes to handling our justice system (1). Eckholm supports this in his article stating that for almost 40 years the U.S. has locked up more people than we ever have in the history of the United States. This has become the main cause in prison overcrowding (1).The United States hasShow MoreRelatedRehabilitation Will Reduce Crime1246 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica, crime is on the rise. Every day, every minute, and even every second someone will commit a crime. Now, I invite you to consider that a crime is taking place as you read this paper. The fraction of the population in the State and Federal prison has increased in every single year for the last 34 years and the rate for imprisonment today is now five times higher than in 1972(Russell, 2009). Considering that rate along crime is a serious act. These crimes range from robbery, rape, kidnappingRead MoreThe United Nations Universal Human Rights Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesUniversal Declaration of Human Rights stands as the current gold standard for every individual’s rights. Focusing on culture, one may see that cultural rights are not clearly defined and are oftentimes in conflict with other types of rights. In this paper, I will first discuss the United Nations’ use of ‘cultural’ in its universal human rights in relation to the concept of cultural relativism. Then, using South African and American practices, such as virginity testing and discriminatory criminal justiceRead MoreThe Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Essay example1238 Words   |  5 PagesJeffrey Reiman, author of The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, first published his book in 19 79; it is now in its sixth edition, and he has continued to revise it as he keeps up on criminal justice statistics and other trends in the system. Reiman originally wrote his book after teaching for seven years at the School of Justice (formerly the Center for the Administration of Justice), which is a multidisciplinary, criminal justice education program at American University in Washington, DRead MoreThe Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison by Jeffrey Reiman1268 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison by Jeffrey Reiman Jeffrey Reiman, author of The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, first published his book in 1979; it is now in its sixth edition, and he has continued to revise it as he keeps up on criminal justice statistics and other trends in the system. Reiman originally wrote his book after teaching for seven years at the School of Justice (formerly the Center for the Administration of Justice), which is a multidisciplinary, criminal justiceRead MoreReduced Time from Prison1440 Words   |  6 PagesTime from Prison Prisons are correctional facilities where offenders are incarcerated as punishment and deterrent from engaging in other criminal activities. It serves justice for victims of criminal offenses and provides a chance for the offender to reflect, and with prison time; they will become better citizens of society. This however, may not always be the case. If an inmate exhibits understanding of good behavior and structure, a prisoner may not serve his or her full sentence in prison. They mayRead MoreCriminal Laws Should Be Organized1513 Words   |  7 Pagesactions (â€Å"Panopticon,† 2015). Video surveillance systems are essential in providing effective security in prisons and correctional facilities. The purpose of CCTV is to prevent crime and disorder. Specifically, CCTV is used for detection, improving safety, gathering evidence, and acting as a general site management tool. Such behaviors that can be detected with CCTV would be contraband entering prison, self-harm or suicide, assault on officers or other inmates and escape. With CCTV, it facilitates quickerRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The Prison Policy Institute1369 Words   |  6 Pages Attention TIA Credibility Thesis/ Topic statement INTRODUCTION I. According to the prison policy Institute there are currently 2.4 million Americans incarcerated in the United States with nearly 40% of that number being drug related offenses. Further the United states only makes up five percent of the worlds population, but we make up 25% of the worlds prison population and if you factor in the 40% of that 25% being drug offenders you can see that nearly a tenth of the worlds incarcerated areRead MorePrisoners Rights, Alternative Forms Of Correction And Strategies1552 Words   |  7 Pages Prisoners’ Rights, Alternative Forms of Correction and Strategies. Tamika Henley CRJ 303 Corrections Instructor: Kirsten Pickering Date January 26, 2015 Correctional Agency is an organization that is in charge of supervision and administration of already sentenced criminal. Corrections permit’s solid protection communities by working operating sheltered secure offices that keep criminals under firm, reasonable practices. With that being said, there is an extensive variety of treatmentRead MoreEvaluation Of A Probation Supervision1737 Words   |  7 Pagesand is designed to achieve control in a community setting over offenders who would otherwise go to prison. Some states have extended intensive supervision to paroles, allowing the early release of some who would otherwise serve longer prison terms. The book also mentions that this type of probation can be effective by saying, a study published in 2000 shows that IPS programs can be effective at reducing recidivism, especially if the programs are well planned and fully implemented (Schmalleger 400)Read MoreCapital Punishment is Barbaric Essay815 Words   |  4 PagesThe firs t significant movement to the abolishment of the death penalty occurred during an era known as the Age of Enlightenment. Critics of capitol punishment protest that it is brutal and degrading. They also contend that it is a violation of human rights and goes beyond the limits of governmental power. Early critics of the death penalty objected to its brutality. The executions were publicized and were done using cruel methods. In the past, people were often executed by way of decapitation. Others

Nickel and Dimed Free Essays

Nickel Dimed In the novel Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich, we see the true story of what is going on in most of America. Better yet, we see the every-day realities of the 35% of the people in our country who are struggling financially. Today, many people deal with homelessness, unemployment, and low paying jobs just the way Ehrenreich did for this experiment. We will write a custom essay sample on Nickel and Dimed or any similar topic only for you Order Now The goal was to see if the money she made monthly would be enough to get her by with the next months rent. Although she was educated with a Ph. D in Biology, she set her real life aside to take a step into the lives of those in poverty. She opens the readers eyes to the fact that many Americans are making far less money than they deserve: â€Å"No one ever said that you could work hard—harder even than you ever thought possible—and still find yourself sinking ever deeper into poverty and debt. † Ehrenreich’s novel proves the point that despite ones hard work, our not-so-fast economy can still lead to countless amounts of struggles. Ehrenreich’s experiment begins in Key West, Florida. She is under the identity of a newly divorced housewife fresh into the work industry. She first learns her way about the application process of low wage jobs. She discovers that they entail a survey of questions, along with a urine test. After three days of not hearing back from the jobs she had applied for, she begins to feel desperate and applies for a waitressing job at very low pay. She earned $2. 43 an hour, with grueling hours beginning at 2 P. M. and ending at 10 P. M. daily. She soon realizes this one job will not get her by, and applies for a second waitressing job. At this time she is living in a hotel room, and takes a job as a hotel housekeeper as well. Ehrenreich leaves the second waitressing job due to unbearable work conditions, and continues her journey in Portland, Maine hoping for better luck. Soon enough, though, she is forced with the reality that decent paying jobs are not so easy to take hold of. Eventually, she moves into a cottage for $120 dollars a week. Throughout this time, Ehrenreich serves as an employee of the typical low wage American jobs: as a waitress, a store clerk, and a housekeeper. Towards the end of the novel, she decides to finally open up to her most trusted coworkers about the experiment. Unfortunately, though, she received not one reaction of interest. Throughout the novel, Ehrenreich displays how not only can poverty effect your way of living, but it can also effect your psychological status. She went into her new life in Maine believing things would be far easier, as though her $6/7 dollar pay in Florida was so out of the ordinary. She felt as though if the supply in labor was as low as demand, the prices would rise. Unfortunately, our economy did not work in her favor. Supply and demand is used as an economic model for Americans. It serves as a price determination of a market, and ultimately results in an economic equilibrium for price and quantity. There are four common rules of Supply and Demand, which are as follows: 1) If demand increases and supply remains unchanged, a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price. 2) If demand decreases and supply remains unchanged, a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price. 3) If demand remains unchanged and supply increases, a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price 4) If demand remains unchanged and supply decreases, a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price. Overall, Ehrenreich’s confidence before joining the work force led her to failure. She did not expect the difficulties she was forced to face, and in turn, was only capable of landing uncomfortable, unfair, and grueling jobs. The places Ehrenreich chose to conduct this experiment had plenty to do with the outcome of her results. Job growth typically occurs in suburban cities. Consequently, where rents are high, which leaves the last bits of affordable housing to the inner city people. For some less fortunate people, it forces them to travel long distances to work, which in turn costs them more money. For Ehrenreich, though, the answer to her financial issues throughout the novel would be to pick up her things and try out a new place to live. She believed it was not the housing crisis that made one poor, but the need for food and health care to stay alive. She continues on to say that food is â€Å"relatively inflation-proof†, although the poverty rate is mainly based on this. The value, need, and price of food will always rise, although the money one makes to support themselves is no guaranteed. How to cite Nickel and Dimed, Essay examples Nickel and Dimed Free Essays Nickel and Dimed, written by Barbara Ehrenreich has been published in 2001 for the first time. This book explains and describes the condition of the working poor in United States in the 21st century. To write this book the author who is a well-known journalist at the New York Times decides to experience being a low-wage worker for a few months. We will write a custom essay sample on Nickel and Dimed or any similar topic only for you Order Now She gives up her middle class life to become and live as a working poor. The author establishes a few rules at the beginning of her challenge such as not to go hungry or always having a car. But, except for those few exceptions she decides to go through the same life as her new coworkers. She starts her experience in Florida then she goes to Maine and finally to Minnesota. Therefore, Nickel and Dimed describes the experiment and the troubles Ehrenreich had to go through while she was a working poor. She particularly accentuates on how humiliated and how ashamed people are of being poor. Shame and humiliation are essential themes of this book are explained and described through different ways such as the fact that poor people are invisible or not respected in their jobs or not able to talk freely, or mistreated by their manager even if they are sick. First of all, the author explains that the poor are invisible and how they feel about it. â€Å"Maids as an occupational group, are not visible, and when we are seen we are often sorry for it† (99). The feeling of invisibility is normally one of the worst feelings that a human being should feel. But according to Ehrenreich, the maids feel relieved when they are not seen. Other people are looking at them as stupid people. They do not fit in the society. In fact, nowadays a person who does not use their brain in their work is not respected by others or by the upper classes. Holly, Ehrenreich’s coworker and friend, describes in chapter two the mean and negative remarks people did to her when they know that she is a maid. She said, â€Å" We’re nothing to these people† (100). Therefore, the poor are invisible in this society where the intellectual skills are valuable. They feel better when they are not noticed because they prefer to avoid the mean remarks from other. But, feeling invisible in their everyday life is a shame. They are human beings who need to be considered by others and integrated in a group to socialize as everyone else. Second of all, readers understand that low-wage workers are not respected in their job and this starts at the hiring process. While Ehrenreich tries to be hired at Wal-Mart in chapter three she explains that she has to go through psychological and drug tests. The first test is not supposed to affect the decision of the managers but in fact it does. Roberta, her coworker â€Å"takes it off to another room where, she says a computer will ‘score it’. After about ten minutes, she’s back with alarming news: I’ve gotten three answers wrong† (240). Corporations start to lie to their employees before hiring them. Low wage people as B. Ehrenreich are not hired because of their quality or personality. The relation between the employees and them is a computer. The corporation does not consider them. Working poor could be compared as animals that pass or fail a test before being bought. Those workers lose their self-esteem because of the lack of consideration they receive in their jobs. It is a perpetual humiliation to feel ignore by everyone. Third of all, Ehrenreich describes how employees are not allowed to talk to the customers. For example, when the author works at Hearthside her manager tells her, â€Å"No chatting for you, girl. No fancy service ethic allowed for the serfs. Chatting with customers is for the good-looking young college-educated servers in the downtown capriccio and ceviche joints, the kids who can make $70-$100 a night† (35). And Ehrenreich explains that she was not also allowed to talk to her coworkers while she was at Wal-Mart of certain subjects. And if she did, she could be fired. But, forbidding people to talk about certain subjects or to discuss with some of their coworkers is a violation of the fundamental rights. In the author’s experiences, readers understand that she has lost her humanity because freedom of speech is one of the fundamental rights that is expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that was established in 1945 by the United Nations. Speaking is an advantage of men because we are the only species who can communicate. Losing this advantage makes the person feel like she is not even human anymore. He loses all his self-esteem and feels humiliated. Finally, Ehrenreich shows how the health of people is not respected in the low wage class. While the author works at The Maids we have the perfect description of this kind of humiliation because her manager â€Å" Ted doesn’t have much sympathy for illness, though; one of our morning meeting was on the subject of ‘ working through it’ †(87). He mistreats the author’s friend and coworker, Holly who is pregnant and has to work to survive because she does not have any money. But Ted forces her to work in terrible conditions. Holly cannot take a real lunch break or a few days of vacation to rest even if she is extremely sick and tired because of her pregnancy. And if she takes her break without her manager’s approval she could be fired. She appears like a slave who is forced to do every task her manager assigns her even if Ted does not pay attention to the fact that she is sick. Therefore, Ehrenreich has to stand up and fight for her friend to have the permission to take a day off. But Ted would let a woman works even if he knows that she is about to be taken to the ER. I believe that a person who is sick cannot be forced to fight against her body. Unhealthy people should be helped and not used as slaves. Therefore, this episode underlines how humiliating it is for a sick person to be forced to work. Holly in this episode becomes an animal who has to work even if she is physically unable to. Working poor are not only having money problems they also have to go through humiliation and shame in their everyday life. Trying to modify their social status is almost impossible when we understand how they are treated. They lose their self-esteem and do not trust themselves anymore. Therefore, they will not even try to change jobs. They are stuck in their own conditions. They are not considered as humans in their job. The low-wage workers are unsocialized because of their wages and are mentally destroyed by their managers. Barbara Ehrenreich describes their situation in this book through her own experience to inform the world of their situation. In the 21st century in a country like United States, which is supposed to be the most powerful nation in the world, citizens cannot accept that others are treated like that. Low-wage workers need to be respected. How to cite Nickel and Dimed, Papers Nickel and Dimed Free Essays As the main objective of this experiment was to determine that it is practically impossible for a low skilled and low-wage female worker and a single mother to earn enough money in order to get proper lodging, fulfill necessary needs and support her children, the outcome of her experiment in her own perspective was quite positive and satisfactory. Ehrenreich spend one month in three different cities of the United States to determine the workplace conditions, wages, behavior of the employers regarding the low-wage and low skilled employees and she was successful in finding out with a nearly real life experience that’s why she was satisfied with her experience and find herself as an above average low skilled worker. The experiment undertaken by Ehrenreich was extremely successful in her own perspective because she eventually found out what she intended to. We will write a custom essay sample on Nickel and Dimed or any similar topic only for you Order Now As she has discussed in her last chapter â€Å"The Evaluation† that all the three case studies explicitly reveal that it is extremely difficult for a low-wage worker to find proper lodgings with the current level of wages in the country. She also found out that a single job is never enough for a low skilled worker to earn enough money in order to meet his/her end meets. Moreover the employers behavior is also highly disparaging. The employers use wicked techniques to keep the wages as low as possible and keep the employees in constant pressure so that they never get organized against their unfair treatment. (Ehrenreich) All these things make the life of a low-wage worker extremely difficult and demanding. According to her evaluation in all the three cities the rate of housing surpassed the wages of the low-income employees making it virtually impossible to get proper lodgings. (Ehrenreich) So by keeping in mind that her objective was to finding out that it is impossible for a low-income wageworker to get proper lodgings and meet end meets, her experiment was extremely successful in her own perspective also. She can certainly said that she has met the objectives of her experiment as she has found out that lowest 20% of the workforce of the U.S. economy is in extremely difficult condition and their problems are so severe, so complex that it is also extremely difficult for them to overcome these problems or find better jobs even if they exist in their surroundings. (Ehrenreich) Her main objective was to determine the difference between the lives of the high paid and low-wage workers, and that most of the needs of the high paid labor is met by the low paid and unskilled labor. In my own perspective the experiment carried out by Ehrenreich was highly successful. She presented us the true picture of the low-income Americans’ lives and helps us realize the severity of the problems the low-income labor force faces during their jobs and in their workplace. She gives the living proof of the reality that it is virtually impossible for a low-wage worker to survive in these conditions and find a shelter for himself, especially if the worker is a single mother and she has to provide food and support to her siblings also. Thus the outcome of this experiment clearly indicates of its success. She proved that the employers’ exploit is so extreme in nature that even the shortage of the labor does not compel them to raise the wage, i.e. universal economic rules do not apply for these low-income labor. (Ehrenreich) As a learned member of society I can use the knowledge of this book by making people realize that the so-called claim of a prosper and welfare America is just a bluff and a slogan which only depicts the external shine and wealth of the corporate America. While in the deep there are certain levels of the American economy and workforce, which suffers as much as any other workforce in a third world and developing country. We can use this book and the outcome of this research in order to find the solution, which will help us to eradicate the deprivation of the low-income workforce at the bottom of the U.S. economy. We can use this book to increase the awareness of the people about the sufferings of the low-income workers. We can use this knowledge to disclose the persecution of the corporate sector of their low-income employees and to persuade the employers to behave more humane with their low-income employees and make the workplace a better place for them and raise their wages to a level which would practically make it possible for them to meet their end needs, but also to go ahead. The overall output of the experiment of Ehrenreich and the tone of the language of last chapter evaluation clearly indicates that the experiment was a complete success in the view of the author and she thinks that she has finally determined what she has sought through out her 3-month expedition. She finally came with the living proof of what she initially claimed that it is virtually impossible for a low-skilled and low-income wageworker to earn enough money, by which they can get proper housing and meet their end meets and support their dependants like siblings or get medical treatment even when their lives and health is at stake. The book is a complete success in a reader’s perspective become it creates awareness of this unfair practice of the employers of the corporate America, who continue to insist on exploiting the low-wage workers and deprive them not only of their end needs but also from any prospect of getting ahead. Thus this book and the research in it is an important and helpful knowledge regarding the unfair class structure in the American Society. Works Cited Ehrenreich, Barbara. â€Å"Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America.† Holt Paperbacks. May 1, 2002.                                                                      How to cite Nickel and Dimed, Essay examples

Renaissance Art of Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti Essay Example For Students

Renaissance Art of Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti Essay Leonardo was most of all an excellent observer. He concerned himself with what the eye could see, rather than with purely abstract concepts (Summers, D. 2013). â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy. Da Vinci was born out of wedlock. Da Vinci was raised by his father, Ser Piero, and his stepmother. At the age of 14, Da Vinci began apprenticing with the artist Verrocchio. For six years, he learned a wide breadth of technical skills, including metalworking, leather arts, carpentry, drawing and sculpting. By the age of 20, he had qualified as a master artist in the Guild of Saint Luke and established his own workshop†. â€Å"Leonardo trains in Florence as a painter, almost certainly with Verrocchio, and he becomes a member of the painters guild in 1472. But in about 1482 he sends a letter to Ludovico Sforza, the duke of Milan. In it he offers the duke his skills, which he lists under ten headings. The first nine are all to do with war. The 30-year-old genius declares that he can provide the duke with original designs for portable bridges, siege engines, mining and explosive equipment, mortars to spray the enemy with small stones, and even a cannon-proof vehicle to transport troops safely into the midst of the enemy in other words a tank†( Gascoigne, Bamber.2001) Michelangelo was one of the most famous artists in history. He was mostly fascinated in forming large marble statues, but his endless artistic energy also led him to become a great painter and architect as well as a poet. He was also one of the most famous people of his time and a great leader of the Italian Renaissance, a period marked by a rebirth of interest in the art and learning of ancient Greece and Rome. (Summers, D. 2013) Michelangelo is best known for his treatment of the human body in painting and sculpture. His figures express a sense of grandeur and power, and arouse strong emotions in many spectators. In size, strength, and emotional intensity, these figures go beyond real people. Michelangelos figures are both animated and restrained, and seem to have great spiritual energy. His work presses toward the extremes of heroism and tragedy but is never false or artificial. (Summers, D. 2013) Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475. His full name was Michelangelo Buonarroti. He came from a respectable Florence family and was born in the village of Caprese, where his father was a government agent. Michelangelo had a brief classical education that dealt with the literature, art, and life of ancient Greece and Rome. When he was 12 years old, Michelangelo became an apprentice to the most popular painter in Florence, Domenico Ghirlandaio. â€Å"Before his apprenticeship was completed, Michelangelo stopped painting and began working as a sculptor under the guidance of a pupil of the sculptor Donatello. Michelangelo attracted the support of the ruler of Florence, Lorenzo de Medici, who invited the young artist to stay at his   palace. Michelangelos earliest surviving sculpture is a small unfinished relief of a battle, done when he was about 16. This work shows the obvious influence of ancient Roman marble sculpture belonging to Lorenzo. But the relief also shows the force and movement that became typical of Michelangelos style. During these years, he began the study of anatomy† (Summers, D. 2013). He is one of the greatest artists of all time, a man whose name has become synonymous with the word masterpiece: Michelangelo Buonarroti. As an artist he was supreme, the maker of works of sublime beauty that display the full breadth of the human condition. Yet in a world where art prospered only with patronage, Michelangelo was caught between the conflicting powers and whims of the Medici family in Florence, and the Papacy in Rome. Unlike many artists of his time, his genius was acknowledged (New Renaissance Art 2001) Three of Leonardo da Vinci most famous works are Mona Lisa, Last Supper, and Virgin of the Rock. â€Å"Let’s first examine the most recognizable and renowned of Da Vinci’s works, the Mona Lisa. This painting like many of Leonardo’s works took a long time to finish. He was famous for his putting off doing anything but when he did finish it was a masterpiece. It took Da Vinci sixteen years to complete the Mona Lisa quite a chunk of Da Vinci’s 67 years alive. However, while taking his time with the Mona Lisa Da Vinci continued to create. Some of the main reasons that this painting is so famous are its ambiguity, her smile, and of course its theft. The ambiguity is that there has always been a debate on whether the subject was Lisa Del Giocondo   or someone else. Among the thought subjects are Da Vinci’s mother and more shockingly Da Vinci himself. Although the most popular idea once again dominates and the generally accepted subject is Lisa Del Giocondo. Her smile is another point of interest because many say if you cover one side she appears to be frowning and if you cover the other she appears to be smiling. Whether or not you believe this you do notice that she is not smiling brilliantly nor is she straight-faced she has a faint smile almost a smirk. Da Vinci employed techniques to accent her face and almost make you gaze at it. Da Vinci also pioneered the technique of putting the subject against a landscape background. It was rare to see this normally one would include a curtained window or some similar object in which the subject was actually sitting in front of† (Walker, J.A 2011). â€Å"The Last Supper i s remarkable in that the original started to fade and become deteriorated only a few years after it was finished painting. Passion For Art History EssayThe Sistine Chapel, Painted from 1508 to 1512, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel contains nine scenes from the Book of Genesis. The most famous is Michelangelos Creation of Man scene, with the finger of God reaching out to give life to Adam (Walker. A.2011) Michelangelo was just 24 years old when he finished the Pieta, the only piece of work the artist signed. The depiction of Jesus lying across the lap of his mother Mary after the Crucifixion currently resides at St. Peters Basilica in Vatican City. (Walker. A.2011) â€Å"Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti also shared many things in their work. Some of the elements that can be found in the work of both artists are theme, reflection of current cultural trends, political and social influence, and above all, a destiny of greatness. The Madonna of the Rocks, The Last supper, The Mona Lisa, David, The Last Judgment, and Pietà   are just a few pieces of their timeless legacy. Theirs were the accomplishments that others would strive to achieve and the world would appreciate for ages to come† (Grecinger, M. 2013) Artists such as Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti often illustrated Christian or mythological themes in their artwork, yet, keeping with the times and often setting the example for the times, they succeeded to express secular or humanist ideas through these same pieces. Two great examples of this are The Madonna of the rocks by Leonardo and the Pieta by Michelangelo. In both cases a biblical theme is present, and in both cases the figures are shown in worldly form, with the existence of spiritual elements. Math and Science that focused on solid things that people could touch were an essential part of renaissance art and were embraced by artists such as Michelangelo and Buonarroti. Leonardo Da Vinci created magnificent works of art which focused on these areas. Both Da Vinci and Michelangelo are believed to have created some of their most famous works of their mother’s features. Michelangelo, for example his mother’s young, pure face on the Virgin Mary, Leonardo’s used his mother’s smile on the Mona Lisa. Both artists were influenced in their work religiously. Michelangelo created The Last Judgment for the church and David for the government. Leonardo created The Last Supper for the church and The Mona Lisa for an aristocrat. Both men battled with their greatest works repainting them time and time again in hopes of perfection, and most importantly, both men have left lasting imprints upon the world of art. Michelangelo and da Vinci have many points of similarity and differences. The one greatest similarity was they are both artists of the Renaissance, thus meaning they both wished to return the art to its original glory in Rome. However, the biggest difference was the way they chose to do so. Michelangelo decide to turn to both drawing and sculpture (we all know his David and Sistine Chapel for example). He decides to return the world of art back to the worshiping of a human body. He was very precise about the human form and took it to perfection. He found that the human body is a mesmerizing piece of art and wished to create his own gods of beauty. Leonardo da Vinci decides to take art to a science point of view. He would draw figures as research in the beginning, and only once he understood both the inside and outside of the body did he start to create masterpieces. He was very big on details of every sort, starting from bodies and ending with cloth and landscape Michelangelo Buonarroti and Leonardo Da Vinci have both certainly left their marks on society, perhaps some of the most precise representatives of the renaissance era were formed by their hands. Their representation of the renaissance way of seeing things has forever molded our world. Though they may both have seen things somewhat differently and desired to interpret things in their own way, though they may have had their own styles and approaches, they shared so many things that it is often difficult to talk about one without mentioning the other, and even more difficult still to speak of them without mentioning their influence on the renaissance and its obvious effect on them. Whatever their differences and similarities, one thing remains Undisputable, their timeless legacy will live on in the preserved pieces to be admired and studied as they have for generations and will for generations to come.

Describe the teachings about the sanctity of life according to Christianity and Islam Essay Example

Describe the teachings about the sanctity of life according to Christianity and Islam Essay The word sanctity literally means sacred, special or precious. The phrase sanctity of life is the concept that human life is extra-special and precious, and should be protected in every possible way.According to the teachings of Christianity, all life belongs to God. As we can see in the Christian story of creation (Genesis), God created the first man, Adam, and then created the first woman, Eve.Then the lord God took some soil from the ground and formed a man out of it, he breathed life-giving breath into his nostrils and the man began to live. (Genesis 1:27)Christians believe that God, as the creator of all, is the only one who has the right to take or give human life in any circumstance.The lord kills and restores to life, he sends people to the world of dead and brings them back again. (I Samuel 2:6)In many sections of the bible, we can see Jesus performing miracles to help people. This supports the idea that not only human life itself is precious, but also the quality of human l ife is also very important in the eyes of God and his son, Jesus.Throughout the bible there are several demonstrations of human life being protected by Jesus. An example of this is where Jesus stops a woman who has committed adultery from being stoned to death. This implies that although the woman has actually sinned by breaking one of the Ten Commandments, he still values her life to the extent where he is willing to persuade people to spare her. Such actions can only support the Christian idea that life belongs to God and no other human has the right to take a life.Despite the obvious inclination towards the protection of human life in the New Testament, there appears to be a few contradictions to this in the Old Testament.Anyone who commits murder shall be put to death The principle is a life for a life. (Leviticus 24:17-18)In the Old Testament, there appears to be more of an inclination towards the idea of retribution anyone who has committed a murder shall be murdered themselv es, for example.A possibility as to why this could be is that the attitudes towards death at the time of the writing of the Old Testament were quite different to what they were at the time of the New Testament. During the time of the Old Testament, the people were still quite primitive and the writings perhaps are a reflection of the violence during that particular period. God would have accepted that a religion being introduced with ideas so radical that they would attempt to change the whole attitude of society completely would probably not be accepted. However, during Jesus time, people were more accepting of the message of Christianity and more ready for a peaceful environment and less violent society.Murder defiles the land, and except the death of the murderer there is no way to perform the ritual of purification for the land where a man has been murdered. (Numbers 35:33)This quote could be used to argue that life was still regarded as being precious and sacred because murder was seen as something punishable only by death, which is probably the most severe penalty anyone could pay.The biggest and perhaps most important suggestion that life is sacred according to the bible is one of the Ten Commandments, issued by God himself.Thou shalt not kill. (Exodus 20-21)This is a very definite statement which clearly supports the idea that if a human takes another humans life they are going against the will of God. From this perspective, if God is so against killing that he issues it as one of the ten rules for every human to live by, He obviously sees human life of uppermost importance.Within Christianity today there is the concept of Just War. For any war to be considered just in the eyes of Christianity, it must comply with all of the conditions of Just War. The conditions of Just War suggest that life in general is sacred, but in certain circumstances it can be justified to kill. Although it could be argued that Just War is going against the teachings about the sanctity of life in Christianity, it also has to be recognized that in some situations in the modern world killing has to be performed in order to save the life of others. Just War tries to reflect the attitudes towards death and murder today as well as comply with the teachings of Christianity, just as the Old Testament reflected the attitudes towards violence during its time and the New Testament reflected attitudes towards life and death in its time.Dont you know that you yourselves are Gods temple, and that Gods spirit lives in you? If anyone destroys Gods temple, God will destroy him; for Gods temple is sacred, and you are that his temple. (I Connthians 3:16,17)This quotation demonstrates clearly that God considers human life to be extremely precious and valuable. It also shows that according to the bible, each person has a little bit of God in themselves and that by murdering another human we are in fact conflicting directly with God. Obviously to conflict with God is not som ething a true Christian would wish to do.We can also see that the quotation supports the idea that because God made all human life and put a little bit of his own spirit into each human, it is much more valuable than the life of any other animal on this planet. As humans we are the children of God and he obviously values our lives much more than he does any other life because in ourselves we have a little bit of him.One aspect of Christian belief that suggests that human life is extra-special is that if a human follows the Christian faith they will eventually gain eternal life with God in Heaven. Obviously, God would not allow a human soul to enter heaven if he did not consider their lives to be of great worth.According to the teachings of Islam, human life is sacred. Islam supports the teachings of the Old Testament, and so its ideas that God created life would be the same as those within Christianity.

Fitness Program Reflection Research Paper Example

Fitness Program Reflection Research Paper Example Fitness Program Reflection Paper Fitness Program Reflection Paper Fitness tests completed and recorded correctly in workbook. Extensive detailed Fitness Training Program satisfying the Australian Physical Activity Guidelines. It includes the aims/goals for the program and the program reflects specificity toward achieving these goals. Provides details of what is to be done each training session. (time, sets/reps/resistance, exercise, distance/speed etc)Fitness Program incorporates variety and includes planning for the Overload Principle by manipulating FITT. | 111098| Most Fitness tests completed and recorded correctly in the workbook. Detailed Fitness Training Program satisfying the Australian Physical Activity Guidelines. It includes the aims/goals for the program and the program reflects specificity toward achieving these goals. Provides some detail regarding what is done each training session. Fitness Program incorporates variety and includes some planning for the Overload Principle by manipulating FITT. | 765| Some Fitness tests completed and recorded in the workbook. Sound Fitness Training Program satisfying the Australian Physical Activity Guidelines. It includes a goal for the program and the program reflects specificity toward achieving most of these goals. Fitness Program incorporates variety and includes limited planning for the Overload Principle by manipulating FITT. | 43| Limited Fitness tests completed and recorded in the workbook. Brief Fitness Training Program provided. It includes the aims/goals for the program. Fitness Program incorporates variety and shows some evidence of the overload principle. | 21| Few fitness tests completed or recorded in the workbook. Lack of information regarding aims/goals. : Brief and simple fitness program provided, lacking depth of information about the activities regarding FITT. Lack of evidence of the overload principle. | 0| No relevant information provided. | Fitness Program REFLECTION Marking Guide /10 1098| Excellent and in-depth reflection of their experience in completing their 6 week training program. Provided positive and negative points about their program and their feelings about staying committed to it. They provided reasons for any changes they may have made and critically analysed why they did or didn’t stick to it. Thorough details about the benefits they may have experienced as a result of completing the program. | 76| Thorough and in-depth reflection of their experience in completing their 6 week training program. Provided positive and negative points about their program and their feelings about staying committed to it. Provided reasons for any changes they may have made and analysed why they did or didn’t stick to it. | 54| Sound and in-depth reflection of their experience in completing their 6 week training program. Provided positive and negative points about their program and their feelings about staying committed to it. Provided reasons for any changes they may have made and why they did or didn’t stick to it. | 32| Satisfactory reflection of their experience in completing their 6 week training program. They commented on their feelings about staying committed to it or why they did not. | 1| Limited reflection about their experience in completing the 6 week training program. Little or no information about why they did or did not complete the program. | 0| No relevant information

Sport And Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sport And Society - Essay Example The functionalist theory focuses attention on how sports assists keep the society operating easily and influences individuals to contribute to the social system. From the Governments perspective it is easy to see that access and participation are intertwined; by providing more opportunities for people at all levels in sport, a number of participants will rise. From a functionalist approach, the Governments perspective is not sufficiently discriminatory, it overlooks certain problems such as age and gender issues that do not support the equilibrium in society. A functionalist approach leads to exaggerated statements about positive effects of sport, believing that anything that lasts is good and it fails to consider that sport could distort values. Functionalist theory is based on the assumption that the needs of the individuals in society reflect the needs of the social system, it assumes homogeneity of interests and the desire to maintain harmony which is not the case, not everyone i n a society may want to play a certain sport, and functionalism cannot distinguish whether people actually want to play sport at all. The way the Government wants to promote sport is typically from a functionalist perspective and is the best sociological theory to use when promoting the sport. Different sociological theories help identify issues and problems and Coakley believe the best theories are the ones that make sense, so from the Governments point of view, a functionalist approach is ideal because it believes sport is an inspiration.... The Government aims to improve health and they identify how sport is a means of this, the approach to achieving this is predominantly a functionalist approach in that they believe sport is an inspiration and a precious contributor to health. The Government believes that if they increase opportunities and improve access to facilities for all people, then their goal of improved health will be attained. Government's use of sport From a functionalist perspective this would encourage participation from all areas of society regardless of sex, age, race, gender or class as the perspective does not discriminate against individuals. From a functionalist point of view the policy over-exaggerates the benefits of playing sport, and Coakley (2003, p.40) believes it doesn't address "the emphasis on physical power" which may show prejudice towards certain groups in society, and this is one of the reasons why women's sport has failed to be as big as men's, and one of the reasons why the Paralympic Games is not as big as the Olympics. Development of sport in the UK Although until relatively in recent times sport might have been described as a neglected subject in social analysis, the worth of sport in modern societies seems irrefutable. In financial terms sport is estimated to symbolize 3 per cent of GDP in the OECD countries. In cultural terms extra than two-thirds of the world's population saw a few part of the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games via television. In supporting terms sport has been engaged as a policy tool by country states, as for instance in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, and in the Olympic Games' boycotts of the 1980s, or more lately in promoting the new or reviving patriotism of the post-communist Central along with Eastern

Historic accuracy of the movie 300 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Historic accuracy of the movie 300 - Essay Example The third correct historical accurate aspect of the movie concerns the words Spartan mothers tell their sons as they go to war: â€Å"Come back carrying your shield, or being carried upon it.† In the movie, Spartan Queen Gorgo {played by Lena Headey} says these words to her husband King Leonidas {played by Gerard Butler} as he prepares to lead his 300 Spartans to war against the Persians (Borza) The first historical inaccuracy in the movie concerns the size of the Persian army lined up against the Spartans in the epic battle of Thermopylae. The movie trailer mentions: â€Å"They {the Spartans} were 300 men against a Million.† The movie relies on the classical historian Herodotus, who estimated the Persian army at 1,700,000 soldiers collected from 46 nations. However, keeping in mind the population structure of the Achaemenid Persian Empire of that era, modern European scholars like Ernst Obst, William Woodthorpe Tarn and Robert von Fischer are in total agreement that the acceptable number was between 100,000 to 200,000. Even if 1,700,000 troops were somehow collected, it would be a monumentally huge logistical miracle to coordinate, put into position and effectively control the massive number of troops from so many nations given that computers and communication technology did not exist at that time. Secondly, if a 1,700,000 strong army had traveled the long distance from Asia to Greece in the absence of the railway and telegraph, the prevalent logistics and supply would be unable to provide sustenance for them (Farrokh). The second historical inaccuracy relates to weapons and armory. Firstly, the swords of both Greeks and Persians are depicted as traditional in size. In historical records, the Persian swords during that time were shorter and resembled daggers, while the swords of the Greeks were longer than traditional swords. The short size of

Development of Management Strategy for Growing Company

Development of Management Strategy for Growing Company Introduction Nowadays technologies are growing so fast that if we will not be able to adopt them in time, than our company becomes non-competitive. This project was done with an aim to apply gained knowledges in engineering and management course, to analyse how selected firm can be developed from engineering and management sides. Engineering studies will help from the one hand to apply engineering knowledges, but from the other hand to get known new technologies and how they make our life better. Universities experience in management and marketing studies will help to do analyses of rival companies and make clear how companys management can be improved or adopted from existing successful companies. There are two important processes in building construction, foundation and roof. Both constructions are equally important for building wellbeing. Foundation need to be designed and build up right in the beginning of construction, but roof need to be carry during all buildings life period. It means that roofs are every sequenced time of period that depends on material, need to be overlaid or repaired. On this theory was born projects engineering part. For projects object was selected a construction firm that focused on roof construction, its technologies and sheet metal works. By exploring roofing market will be determined its growing technologies with an aim to adopt them to selected firm. Exploring major roofing companies management, will help to improve chosen firm current way of management. Generally this project is based on roof technologies, management marketing research. Gained experience will be applied to chosen firm development in all directions. Aim Develop management strategy for a small company. Objectives 1. Literature review of management prescriptive strategy development: * Analysis of environment * Analysis of resources * Development of companys vision, mission and objective * Types of management strategies 2. Choose a company with an aim to apply management strategy 3. Literature review of chosen company 4. Develop management strategy to the chosen company 5. Develop additional management improvements 6. Conclusion Strategic Management Essence of Strategic Management According to the Emergent view there are strategist that suggest that it is hard to predict future and strategy need to be more dynamic with an element of risk. The Prescriptive view Strategic management is about defining a purpose and plans of organisation and work out the actions to achieve desired purposes. The essence of Strategic Management consist from two levels that are shown in Figure 1 and described below : * General corporate level Decision making process depends from in what type of business company belong. The leadership and culture of corporation are very important strategy management. * Individual business level Decision making process generally based on competing for customers, generating value from tangible and intangible business resources and focus on resources that can bring competitive advantage. Strategy is about relations of internal capabilities and external relationships. Figure 1 Essence of Strategic Management (Lynch, p5, 2010) (Lynch, p5, 2010) Approaches to Strategic Management There are exist two different approaches to strategy: Prescriptive and Emergent approach. The prescriptive approach Approach is based on idea that future is predictable and strategy development begins from Where-we-are now and all objectives and steps how implement ideas are developed. The prescriptive theory have three core areas: Strategic analysis, Strategic development and Strategy implementation. All three areas are closely related sequentially. The prescriptive strategy development process shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 The prescriptive strategic process (Lynch, p19, 2010) The emergent approach Approach is based on view that strategy emerges and developed during further period of time based on unpredictable environment. The final objective of emergent approach is unclear and objectives are developed during its realisation. Strategic analysis, Strategic development and Strategy implementation are interrelated. But because strategy is implemented by improvisation and allow mistakes, it is not need to make clear distinction in development and implementation phases. The prescriptive strategy development process shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 The emergent strategic process (Lynch, p19, 2010) Analysis of Environment Analysis of environment is a research of everything and everyone in external environment. It includes suppliers, customers, competitors, government, technologies etc. There are exist nine different tools how environment can be analysed and they are shown in Figure 4. Figure 4. Environment analysis tools (Lynch, p74, 2010) Environment basics There are three basic things that should be analysed: * Market definition and size Question need to be asked in this area is What is the size of market?. It is important to know market size because it will help to design strategy objectives. Market size usually shown in annual sales.  · Market growth After establishing market definition and size need to evaluate how much the market has grown in particular period of time, usually in a year. Market growth rate will influence strategy objectives. Organization that would like to grow quickly will be interested in fast growing market  · Market share It can be defined as ratio of all sales in a market that is detained by particular company. There are different ways how market share can be measured, but most important of them are Sales revenue and Sales volume. (tutor2u) (Lynch, p79, 2010) Degree of turbulence It is important to evaluate external conditions of organisation, specially dynamic of environment. In strategy environment will have high degree of turbulence it will be hard to apply analytical techniques. Environmental forces that influence organisation: * Changeability Degree of environment changeability that shows rate how external factors likely to change. Changeability splits further in such factors: o Complexity Degree of complexity of such factors as internationalisation, technological, social and political. o Novelty Degree of how often new situations influence environment. * Predictability Degree of how changeable environment is predictable. Predictability is subdivided in two categories: o Rate of change How fast environment changes. Usually rated from slow to fast. o Visibility of future Based on previous experience determine how predictable is future. Figure 5. Dynamics of environment. (Lynch, p81, 2010) After doing analysis of factors above will be possible see how stable will be strategy for particular environment. In predictable environment with low turbulence can be used prescriptive approach. In case of high turbulence better to use Emergent approach because of high rate of change where designed objectives can lose their value in short period of time. PESTEL analysis PESTEL is checklist type analysis that is widely used to analyse environment in different directions. Analysis rely on past experience and events that after listing can be used to forecast future or apply them on company improvement design. Factors that need to be discovered in PESTEL analysis:  · Political: o Government policy o Regulations  · Economical o World trends o GDP o Inflation o Unemployment o Energy costs  · Social o Changes in lifestyle o Demographic o Customer demand o Population o Culture  · Technological o Patents and products o Technology development o Speed and change of technologies o Innovations  · Environmental o Public opinion o Green issues o Recyclability o Renewable energy  · Legacy o Law o Health and Safety (Lynch, p82, 2010) Industry life cycle Entity of strategy will change as company move from one life cycle phase to another. In the Introduction phase, company try to attract interest in new product. As product became more recognizable and increase in demand than industry moves into next phase called Growth and with demand increase amount of competitors. Over time when market is saturated and most customers are satisfied with product life cycle proceed to Maturity phase where growth is slowed down. Few competitors may join in this phase, but hard to survive because of high competition. After Maturity phase cycle start to Decline. Whole process is shown in Figure 6. Figure 6. Stages of industry cycle. (Lynch, p87, 2010) Company have more opportunity to survive and gain more profit in life cycle early ages while entry barriers are low and there are only few competitors. But it is hard to determine the beginning of life cycle because if its unpredictable duration. (Lynch, p87, 2010) Key factors for success The Japanese strategist Kenichi Ohmae argue that for successful strategy organisation should define key factors for success that will help to define objectives more correctly. Key factors are resources such as skills, labour, experience or attributes that can bring competitive advantage to organisation. Key factors can be determined not only from internal advantages but also designed based on external environment. There are three factors need to be analysed:  · Customers What exactly customers want? Who are they? Are there any special segments? Why they buy from us? Need to be evaluated (Lynch, p95, 2010): o Price o Service o Product or service reliability o Quality o Technical specification o Branding  · Competition What factors help company to compete successfully? Who are our competitors? What factors influence competition? Need to be evaluated (Lynch, p95, 2010): o Cost comparison o Price comparison o Quality issues o Market dominance o Service o Distributors  · Corporation Companies technologies, organisational ability and marketing? Key resources of our competitors? Need to be evaluated (Lynch, p96, 2010): o Low-cost operations o Economies of scale o Labour costs o Production output levels o Quality operations o Innovative ability o Labour/Management relations o Technologies and copyright o Skills (Lynch, p94, 2010): Porters five forces One of the most important organisation analysis that need to be performed is evaluating environment forces that influence particular company. Such evaluation will help to gain better competitive advantage than rivals. Professor Michael Porter provide model (Figure 7) that helps evaluate forces that will help to understand organisation opportunities. Figure 7. Porters five forces model (Lynch, p95, 2010) The bargaining power of suppliers Every organisation require raw materials to produce product or service it mean that organisation depend from raw material suppliers. There are shown how suppliers can influence organisation: * If there are few suppliers it means that it is hard to switch to another supplier in case supplier is exert its power. * There are no substitute raw materials that supplier provide. * Organisation costs depend from suppliers price. If supplier increase price for provided material than costs will increase and organisation need decide: increase product price or not. Increased price can lead to lose of competitive advantage but if price stay the same that profit will be smaller. The bargaining power of buyers To make a profit organisation sell their products or service to customers. Every customer have need, wants and own opinion about particular product. Organisation should make customer power analysis to understand who have more influence over other. There are some issues: * There are only few buyers. Organisation have weak position and generally depend from customers and want to attract them as more as possible. In this case customers can easily influence organisation. * Product or service is undifferentiated. Customer can easily switch to product offered from other organisation. The threat of new entrants Entrance of new rivals is possible whet profit margins are attractive and entry barriers are low. Porter argue that there are seven factors that influence entry barriers: 1. Economies of scale Production cost are reducing when product volume significantly increased. These cost reductions provide entry barriers, because company entered in such market forced to keep small price to be competitive. 2. Product differentiation Brand, level of service, attracted customers provide entry barrier because by entering in such market will lead to spend extra funds and time to make new brand more recognizable and establish in the market. 3. Capital requirements Entrance in some markets require investment in technologies equipment, distribution etc. 4. Switching costs When customer is satisfied with provided service or product he is not thinking about other products and it is hard and require high investments to influence customers opinion. 5. Access to distribution channels Production need to be effectively distributed. It takes long time to establish own distribution channels and make it work profitably. 6. Cost disadvantages independent of scale Already established companies invested hardly in infrastructure and gained mayor buyers in the market. It becomes hard for new company to find what to start with, because infrastructure is already established and it is hard to involve changes. 7. Government policy Government tend to secure local companies and publish law that defend them. The threats of substitutes Substitutes is something that can replace a product or service usually provided for smaller price. Things that need to be analysed relative to substitutes: * Customer ability to switch to the substitute * The possible threat of obsolescence * What costs will provide switching to substitute Rivalry among existing firms Some markets and companies are more competitive than others. There are thing that need to be analysed (Model of competition): * Number of competitors * Size of competitors * Growth rate * Product differentiation (Lynch, p97-101, 2010): Four links analysis Most organisations links together to perform better with other companies help. Co-operation can lead such factors: * Reduce costs * Increase organisations sustainability * Open new market sectors The Co-operation usually divided in four subgroups that help more clearly define co-operation type and how it might be improved:  · Informal co-operative links and networks The organisation links and co-operates together on mutual basis without contract. The analysis need to be made to find out what opportunities will provide such link. Usually analysis contain from strengths and weaknesses. Need to pay attention by forming mutual contract because in case fraud it will be hard to prove that particular company is right.  · Formal co-operative links Formal co-operation is linked with legal contract. The difference from informal co-operation is in degree of formality. Such links usually form alliance or joint ventures that works together for many years to gain competitive advantage over rivals and take more market share.  · Complementors The Complementors are companies that supply products that add value to final product. Usually such co-operation is based on several companies that provide different skills and resources that work together on manufacturing of one product. Such organisations have interdependence between themselves.  · Government links and networks The organisations that have linkage with government. (Lynch, p102-105, 2010) Competitor analysis In most markets there are more than one competitor. It is hard to evaluate each of them and because usually it is done by taking few companies and making narrow evaluation. It will help to understand what advantages and disadvantages compare to organisation rivals have. Broad analysis of competitors and their power helps to find their forces. Basic analysis will consist from making competitor profile based on such issues:  · Objective An analysis of competitors objectives help to forecast its strategy. If competitor tend to gain market share then probably will start to implement aggressive strategy. If seeking profit growth than possibly competitor will invest hardly in new plant or improve technologies. Every objective can help to forecast rivals action. Companies annual statements can be useful in evaluating but need to be analysed wit attention because of factor of bluffing.  · Resources The type, size and amount of resources that provide competitive advantage to company need to be analysed.  · Past record of performance Can provide companys successful performance that can be adopted.  · Current products and services  · Links with other organisations Evaluate links, alliances and other types of co-operation than deliver competitive advantage.  · Present strategies Innovation, customers, investments, market share, product range etc. Evaluate how such things used for strategy purposes. Customer analysis Customer is crucial resource of company profit income. Any company will always be interested in as more as possible customer attraction. There are measurements that can be used in customer analysis: * Identification of the customer and market * Market segmentation and its strategic implications * The role of customers service and quality Previously market was based on Mass marketing theory where one product was sold to all customers. Nowadays is used Targeted marketing where company aims on particular market segment and provide product or service only for this segment. Market segmentation can deliver more opportunities to strategy: * Particular segments can be more profitable than others * Some segments can have less competitors that can provide competitive advantage * Some segments can have higher growing rate. (Lynch, p107-108, 2010) Analysis of resources and capabilities Analysis of resources and capabilities gives not only opportunity to look how resources provide competitive advantage but also help understand two important things: * How resources can provide higher profit and better service * Which resources provide competitive advantage and how they can they be improved all time. There are two way that goes interdependent: Value added and Sustainable competitive advantage (Figure 8). Path of resource analysis (Lynch, p119, 2010) Resources and Capabilities Resources and capabilities analysis aim is to recognize where is value added resources and explore what resources deliver competitive advantage to company. There are four questions need to be addressed to company with regard to resources and capability analysis (Lynch, p122, 2010): 1. What kind of resources and capabilities company own? 2. Why organisation have these resources? 3. Why they are important and what advantage they deliver to company? 4. How they can be improved? Figure 9 Sequence of resources and capabilities analysis (Lynch, p122, 2010) Analysis of resources and capabilities starts with full range analysis of resources. It is hard because of some resources are hard to measure. Resources and capabilities can be divided in three categories (Lynch, p123, 2010):  · Tangible resources Are physical resources that contribute to companies value added. These can be modern equipment, location, etc.  · Intangible resources Resources that have no physical presence. It can be companies recognisable brand name, culture, skills level etc.  · Organisational capabilities Such resources as management or leadership that manage tangible and intangible resources. Value added The role of resources in company is to add value and gain profit. The value adding process shown in Figure 10 and can be defined as the difference between product output price and the costs of input. Figure 10. Add Value process (Lynch, p130, 2010) The Value chain The value chain is a value of all activities that is linked with functional parts. Each part makes contribution in value add process. Company perform two types of activity that add value to product or service: Primary activities and support activities. Primary is activities that process itself. Support activities are performed by management and human resources. Porter designed companys value chain process that is shown in Figure 11. Where margin is difference between Total Value and Cost of performance Figure 11. The value chain (Lynch, p132, 2010) The primary activities add value to company by its own way and they are(Lynch, p132-133, 2010):  · Inbound logistics The areas that related to receiving raw materials and goods from suppliers, storing them till they will be required, moving and carrying within company.  · Operations The production area where products or services being produced.  · Outbound logistics The distribution of final product to customers. It is about transportation, warehousing, wrapping etc.  · Marketing and sales Analysis of customers needs and wants and deliver to customers information about what product or service company offer.  · Service It is about before product selling pre installation or after selling service. The support activities:  · Procurement The person or department that is responsible for purchasing raw materials or goods. The goods need to be purchased for as low as possible price and highest quality.  · Technology development The important are that need to be updated all the time.  · Human resource management Training, recruitment, management improvement, employees motivation is important for companies success.  · Firm infrastructure Background planning and control of system. The value system Every company have own value chain and at the same time belong to wide system that involve supply and distribution chain and customers chain. The competitive advantage can deliver suppliers that supply better goods to you rather than rival organisations. The value chain need to be evaluated and improved. Sources of competitive advantage (Lynch, p147, 2010): * Differentiation The development of exclusive feature or service that could appeal particular market. * Low costs Development of low cost product or service can attract more customers. * Niche marketing Concentration on particular market and distinguish and provide all necessary to appeal customers from this market. * High performance or technology Improved performance and customers needs satisfaction better than competitors will provide growth in the market share.  · Quality Provide quality that competitors not able to match. * Service Provide service that competitors not able to match. * Vertical integration The backward acquisition of raw material suppliers can increate competitive advantage. * Synergy The combination a parts of business that together could deliver better result success and profit than separate. * Culture leadership and style of an organisation The way how company is organised and managed. The good managed company will lead to employees satisfaction and improve their attitude to company. It will improve service, quality and deliver good environment for innovation. Resource based sustainable competitive advantage There are seven resource elements that can deliver sustainable competitive advantage:  · Prior or acquired resources Easier to create value on already available to company strengths rather than start from beginning.  · Innovative capability The innovation is important because it can deliver competitive advantage and improve entity.  · Being truly competitive Identify resources strength and opportunity is not enough because they need to be comparatively better than competitors as well.  · Sustainability Resources are more competitive if they dont have and cannot be substituted.  · Appropriability Resources must deliver success only to individual company, but not shared among others.  · Durability Good resources should last as long as possible. There is no reason to identify a competitive resources if they are not sustainable.  · Imitiability Resources should be hard to imitate. Defined resources need to be classified in hierarchy of resources (Figure 12) by their importance and delivered competitive advantage. Figure 12 Hierarchy of resources (Lynch, p151, 2010) Improving competitive advantage There are three methods how resources and capabilities can be improved (Lynch, p158-160, 2010): * Benchmarking Compare practice and experience with other companies and identify what improvements can be performed. The compared industry can be perform another kind of job, need to be copied only companies principles of operation. * Leveraging Exploit companies resources fully. That method can be subdivided in 5 prescriptive routes: 1. Concentration Focusing companys resources on the key objectives. 2. Conservation Exploit every resource or aspect available to company. 3. Accumulation Evaluate fully resources of company and use it where appropriate. 4. Complementarity Analyse resources with an aim to combine them. New combination can deliver competitive advantage. 5. Recovery Make sure that all resources generate produce as quickly as possible. * Upgrading resources The resource analysis can show that an organisation is losing its competitive advantage, so resources and technologies need to upgraded. Vision, Mission and objective of the company. Strategy purpose is explored by established mission and objectives of company. To identify mission and objective need to be evaluated why company exist and how value adding can be generated? Additionally need to be explored companys vision based on opportunities and how it can be evaluated. The purpose of the organisation The purposes of organisation need to be defined clearly otherwise it will be hard to establish proper strategy. To define purpose more clearly need to be considered six questions (Lynch, p221-226, 2010): 1. What is our activity and what should it be?  · Need to be considered the area of activity is it business or non-profit organisation?  · Evaluate what company is focused on should company concentrate on the purpose or it can be broad?  · Do company focuses on profit or diversifying? That issue can be defined broad or narrow.  · Usually strategists define purposes based on the competitive resources of company. 2. What kind of organisation do we wish to be?  · The company usually chose one of two areas: o Culture and style Organisations chose this area based on previous experience and developed history. o Challenges to be posed to members of the organisation. 3. What is relative importance of shareholders and stakeholders?  · Some companies purpose is to satisfy shareholders wealth. 4. Do we want to grow organisation?  · Is company growth is included in purpose or it should stay the same size? 5. What is our relationship with our immediate environment and with society in general?  · The purpose need to be considered with environment within which company perform. In immediate environment need to be assumed such factors as turbulence, competition etc. Society in general is about pressures that influence company. 6. How do we bring all these consideration together?  · The summary of purposes need to be stated in few sentences that will specifically describe. Vision for the future It is imagination of company that stakeholders, shareholders or owned would like to see it after a period of time. There are two views on the values that need to be explored to develop a strategy: * The irrelevance of strategic vision For approaching short-term goals strategic vision can be not performed. * The value of strategic vision Vision is a challenging and imaginative picture of the future role and objectives of an organisation, significantly going beyond its current environment and competitive position (Lynch, p227, 2010). There are a lot of reasons to develop a strategic vision and most important is that the vision is going far in future than organisation is and help to develop purposes how to get there. New vision can help to develop mission and objectives. The mission The mission of an organisation outlines the broad directions that it should and will follow and briefly summarises the reasoning and value that lie behind it (Lynch, p236, 2010). The mission need to be defined based on previously explored purposes. In prescriptive strategy mission is set to be realised in next few years. The role of mission is to develop direction which company will follow and try to realise. There are five elements of the mission statement that need to be explored and chosen appropriate: 1. Explore the nature of the company. In this case can be asked such questions as What business are company in? and What is desired business for company? 2. The mission should be developed from customers point of view rather than companys. 3. The mission should show the basic values and beliefs of the company. 4. The elements of sustainable competitive advantages need to be shown in the mission. 5. The mission need to show the particular reason for its choice to realise. The objectives Objectives are the aims that need to be realised to implement the mission. This process cover what and when is need to be done. In most cases objectives should be quantified and measurable, but sometimes such objectives as ethic, employee or customer satisfaction is hard to measure. Company should apply any measurements to hard measurable objectives with an aim to get a feedback how successfully they implemented. Usually companies set objectives in two areas: 1. Financial objectives Such as profit, cash flow, earnings per share etc. 2. Strategic objectives Such as customer satisfaction, market share, product quality etc. (Lynch, p242, 2010). Strategy options development When the purpose of company is defined need to develop a strategy options how to achieve it. After options development need to chose more suitable and that will bring advantage. SWOT analysis As a starting point of strategy options development can be summarising current position using SWOT analysis. SWOT is analysis that helps to find companys internal Strengths and Weaknesses, and external Op