Self evaluation

Individual Critical and Reflective Self-Evaluative Paper Course Evaluation; I really enjoyed this course, as I knew I would. I love to debate!! I am a very opinionated person and I used to want to be a lawyer when I grew up Just because I loved to argue so much (such a pleasure for my parents! ). On the course with me were some other girls who had some strong opinions too which was really great because we had some good debates with some strong arguments and points! At the beginning of the course we voted on the topics we wanted for our debates, which meant that we would all be interested in most of the subjects we chose.Being all irls as well you can image some of the â€Å"banter† we had! Even though the class started at 9am, it was always easy to come in because of the group that we had in class; I think it makes such a difference when there is good energy in a work area, it makes it a lot more fun to be in. I enjoyed the class time, especially because the format was very re laxed. The lecture would be more of a discussion where we would talk about certain issues and elements relating to the course. It makes the class much more enjoyable and engaging rather than Just listening to a teacher go on and on whilst the class sits there texting away on their phones.Personal Evaluation; Being such an emotional person I do find it hard to sometimes control my emotions and I find myself slightly riled up after morning debates! I am generally an emotional person and things get to me quite easily and I need to learn that in business, university and even sometimes my social life I need to Just relax and breathe; its not the end of the world! Having been born and raised in London I like to think that I have a good grasp on the English language and have a good way of expressing myself which has definitely been a useful tool for the debate questions and reviews.I try to ake on board the constructive criticism because we would all offer a lot of feedback and comments to one another, which is really useful, and I will take those comments to help myself in the future. For the first few debates I didn't use sources that were credible and the tutor told me that in order to make my statements and points more reliable I had to start using more credible sources. This term I have not been happy with myself academically or personally. I don't think that I have performed to the best of my ability and I believe that at the moment I am Just living rather than enjoying life nd my time at university.This is because I have been lazy. I am not back into a routine of being healthy and active and this has a negative affect on the other areas in my life. I want to be more active and involved in what's going on around London. I want to be able to talk about interesting things IVe done and seen and experience life to the full. I am going to start to be more positive and realise that only I can help myself I aim to change my outlook this upcoming holiday so that I can be on top form for my last two semesters and enjoy this last part of my education. self evaluation By Christianna-psarros Self evaluation Individual Critical and Reflective Self-Evaluative Paper Course Evaluation; I really enjoyed this course, as I knew I would. I love to debate!! I am a very opinionated person and I used to want to be a lawyer when I grew up Just because I loved to argue so much (such a pleasure for my parents! ). On the course with me were some other girls who had some strong opinions too which was really great because we had some good debates with some strong arguments and points! At the beginning of the course we voted on the topics we wanted for our debates, which meant that we would all be interested in most of the subjects we chose.Being all irls as well you can image some of the â€Å"banter† we had! Even though the class started at 9am, it was always easy to come in because of the group that we had in class; I think it makes such a difference when there is good energy in a work area, it makes it a lot more fun to be in. I enjoyed the class time, especially because the format was very re laxed. The lecture would be more of a discussion where we would talk about certain issues and elements relating to the course. It makes the class much more enjoyable and engaging rather than Just listening to a teacher go on and on whilst the class sits there texting away on their phones.Personal Evaluation; Being such an emotional person I do find it hard to sometimes control my emotions and I find myself slightly riled up after morning debates! I am generally an emotional person and things get to me quite easily and I need to learn that in business, university and even sometimes my social life I need to Just relax and breathe; its not the end of the world! Having been born and raised in London I like to think that I have a good grasp on the English language and have a good way of expressing myself which has definitely been a useful tool for the debate questions and reviews.I try to ake on board the constructive criticism because we would all offer a lot of feedback and comments to one another, which is really useful, and I will take those comments to help myself in the future. For the first few debates I didn't use sources that were credible and the tutor told me that in order to make my statements and points more reliable I had to start using more credible sources. This term I have not been happy with myself academically or personally. I don't think that I have performed to the best of my ability and I believe that at the moment I am Just living rather than enjoying life nd my time at university.This is because I have been lazy. I am not back into a routine of being healthy and active and this has a negative affect on the other areas in my life. I want to be more active and involved in what's going on around London. I want to be able to talk about interesting things IVe done and seen and experience life to the full. I am going to start to be more positive and realise that only I can help myself I aim to change my outlook this upcoming holiday so that I can be on top form for my last two semesters and enjoy this last part of my education. self evaluation By Christianna-psarros Self Evaluation Self-Evaluation from Employee It’s easy to say you can use any performance review phrase, change it to â€Å"I† or â€Å"me† and be finished with your performance review – but it’s not always that simple. You want your phrases to be honest, accurate, but not too harsh. Phrases criticizing performance need to be well balanced. We’ve compiled a list of hundreds of self evaluation phrases you can use to complete your performance review and receive the high marks you deserve. We’ve separated the phrases by topical area, then by positive and needs improvement.Find the right balance to describe yourself and speed up your performance review paperwork. This is part 1 of a several part series on self evaluations. Self Evaluation Sample Templates Writing a great self evaluation during performance review time can be a difficult task. How exactly do I describe my performance in Training or Leadership? We’ve written 450 self evaluation parag raphs in 30 categories – by exceeds expectations, meets expectations, and below expectations. These paragraphs make completing the self evaluation easy – simply copy and paste into your document. This ebook is available for instant download for $18. 5. ————————————————- Top of Form Bottom of Form Attendance and Punctuality Self Evaluation Positive Phrases I am a reliable employee who arrives on-time and leaves on-time. My break times are well planned and do not exceed the allotted time. I arrive each day fully prepared to tackle my responsibilities. I am reliable and do not have any attendance problems. I   ensure my team adheres to their lunch schedules and breaks. I meet all company standards for attendance and punctuality. I begin each day refreshed and ready for any challenges I will face.My attention to punctuality has paid off this year, I consistentl y arrive on time. I start and end meetings on time. I schedule time off well in advance. I am conscientious of others when scheduling time off. Attendance and Punctuality Needs Improvement Self Evaluation Phrases I am occasionally late for work and will improve this area by focusing on showing up on time each day. I need to improve showing up to work on time and keeping a normal work schedule. Over the next year, I’m going to improve meetings so they run to their prescribed time. Some of my breaks may run a little long, but I will improve my schedule.I will work on taking heavy traffic and weather into account for arrival time. I will continue to work on punctuality. Attitude Positive Self Evaluation Phrases I always try to keep a positive attitude, a smile on my face, and demonstrate how much I enjoy my job. I try to be cheerful to help those around me feel welcome and appreciated. I have an even demeanor through good times and bad. I do this to help others keep their  "enthusiasm† – both positive and negative – in check. I have a calm personality to keep an even attitude. I bring a high level of enthusiasm to my job.I try to always set a good example for the team and be here when they need a lift. I maintain a positive mind-set. Even though we have difficult situations and decisions to make, I maintain a positive outlook. I maintain a positive attitude. I like to build trust with my team by being a positive force on the team, congratulating high performers on successes, and working with those that need assistance to improve. Attitude Needs Improvement Self Evaluation Phrases At times, I can be brisk and to the point. I don’t mean to offer a negative impression, but sometimes I am very focused on the work at hand.Due to the demanding nature of our business, my team may at times think I am insensitive, but we have to get the job done, on time, and on budget. I am working to improve how I deal with others and customers. Th ough some may struggle with my personality, I believe I effectively use it to manage my employees. Communication Positive Self Evaluation Phrases I keep managers and coworkers informed of my work progress. I report all necessary information to my coworkers. I am excellent at keeping written information about my assignments and projects. One of my strengths is the use of candor and effective communication with my employees.One of my core strengths is the ability to immediately connect with someone. I am a very competent communicator. I clearly communicates with my employees and they understand my expectations. I am clearly good at communication as evidenced by my effectiveness in resolving customer problems. At first, communication was not my strongest attribute. However, after a lot of work, I have become a very good communicator. Communication Needs Improvement Self Evaluation Phrases Though some may believe I withhold information from my co-workers, I provide all information as re quired.My written communication is great, but I need to improve my verbal communication skills. My verbal communication skills are very good, but I need to work on my written communication skills. I believe I effectively communicate with my fellow team members, but I must improve communication with my management team. Communication is a weakness which I know I must improve. Creativity and Innovation Positive Self Evaluation Phrases My ability to change direction when required is an asset to the team. I am an innovator at heart – my skill at inspiring new ideas adds a lot to the team.I have an imaginative personality and am very resourceful in times of need. I have a creative touch in a sometimes normal role within our team. I add an artistic flair to everything I produce which makes my projects much more fun than most. When a major problem arises, I use creative problem solving to look at different sides of an issue I think outside the box when crafting solutions. I demonstra te a key ability to craft creative solutions to problems. I show ingenuity when facing difficult situations. Whenever we need a fresh look at a problem, I try to provide a novel perspective.I don’t rely on common methods to solve a problem, but address each situation with a innovative viewpoint. I constantly search for new ideas and ways to improve efficiency. I create an exciting atmosphere for his team: one in which new ideas are rewarded and encouraged. Creativity and Innovation Needs Improvement Self Evaluation Phrases I find at times that I am more practical than creative in many aspects of my job. Over the next year, I plan on working to improve my imagination at work to think more creatively. Innovation is not at the heart of what I do – I am more of a task oriented person.There are times when creative solutions are just not called for, but I have a creative mind and have a tendency to go there immediately. Sometimes I have difficulty thinking outside of the box and creating innovative solutions. I plan on improving innovation this year by seeking out new opinions and ideas. I have a tendency to ask for help from other people more frequently than researching potential solutions and fixes. Customer Satisfaction Positive Self Evaluation Phrases I take great pride in my work with our clients. I skillfully overcome client objections. I consistently receive high marks on my customer satisfaction surveys.I understand the latitude to ensure customer satisfaction and do everything necessary to retain customers. I am able to handle clients well. I am very good at keeping happy customers and successfully up selling them at the same time. I deal with customer complaints with a calm demeanor. I am very good at handling difficult situations with customers. I work with customers very well. I am very good at dealing with irate customers in a calm and rational manner. I believe no problem is too big that cannot be solved with care and understanding. I lis ten to our customers and resolves their problems in an agreeable manner.I understand how to listen to customers and extract those details which make a big difference when dealing with our clients. Customer Satisfaction Needs Improvement Self Evaluation Phrases Sometimes, I do not follow up with customers quickly enough. Though I have some low marks on customer satisfaction surveys, I am working to improve those scores. I continue to work on improving my ability to overcome customer objections. I understand the importance of customer service training, though I do believe I’ve received enough training to be successful. I am much better about handling telephone customer service than in person situations. Self evaluation Individual Critical and Reflective Self-Evaluative Paper Course Evaluation; I really enjoyed this course, as I knew I would. I love to debate!! I am a very opinionated person and I used to want to be a lawyer when I grew up Just because I loved to argue so much (such a pleasure for my parents! ). On the course with me were some other girls who had some strong opinions too which was really great because we had some good debates with some strong arguments and points! At the beginning of the course we voted on the topics we wanted for our debates, which meant that we would all be interested in most of the subjects we chose.Being all irls as well you can image some of the â€Å"banter† we had! Even though the class started at 9am, it was always easy to come in because of the group that we had in class; I think it makes such a difference when there is good energy in a work area, it makes it a lot more fun to be in. I enjoyed the class time, especially because the format was very re laxed. The lecture would be more of a discussion where we would talk about certain issues and elements relating to the course. It makes the class much more enjoyable and engaging rather than Just listening to a teacher go on and on whilst the class sits there texting away on their phones.Personal Evaluation; Being such an emotional person I do find it hard to sometimes control my emotions and I find myself slightly riled up after morning debates! I am generally an emotional person and things get to me quite easily and I need to learn that in business, university and even sometimes my social life I need to Just relax and breathe; its not the end of the world! Having been born and raised in London I like to think that I have a good grasp on the English language and have a good way of expressing myself which has definitely been a useful tool for the debate questions and reviews.I try to ake on board the constructive criticism because we would all offer a lot of feedback and comments to one another, which is really useful, and I will take those comments to help myself in the future. For the first few debates I didn't use sources that were credible and the tutor told me that in order to make my statements and points more reliable I had to start using more credible sources. This term I have not been happy with myself academically or personally. I don't think that I have performed to the best of my ability and I believe that at the moment I am Just living rather than enjoying life nd my time at university.This is because I have been lazy. I am not back into a routine of being healthy and active and this has a negative affect on the other areas in my life. I want to be more active and involved in what's going on around London. I want to be able to talk about interesting things IVe done and seen and experience life to the full. I am going to start to be more positive and realise that only I can help myself I aim to change my outlook this upcoming holiday so that I can be on top form for my last two semesters and enjoy this last part of my education. self evaluation By Christianna-psarros

Sample Business Plan for Cafeteria

CHARMAINE (The Battle of Good and Bad Toys) Charmaine is a 10-year old girl grew up with the care of her grandparents. She spends most of her time in her room playing with her toys since her lola doesn’t allow her to go outside and play with other children. It became a norm to her not to speak and just to burst all her emotions alone†¦with the toys. ***Opening paragraph introduces the main character (very briefly,) and the situation or point of change that starts the story. Her wish was granted one Christmas eve; that all her toys could have their lives.While asleep, her toys came to life but is divided – the good toys and the bad toys. The bad toys get Charmaine’s body for they believe that in their world, Charmaine would be happier. The good toys stand with the reason that no matter how the child is taken for granted, she still belongs in the real world. ***Here is the conflict—the battle of the good and bad toys began because of different beliefs. As the battle continues to rise, as the bad toys tried their best in convincing that they can give the unconditional love and attention that Charmaine is always wanted.The little child was confused for at some point she realizes that in her life, all that she has is herself, and her toys that never left her, that never got tired of being with her, that accepts her and always ready to listen. But the good toys never stop making them realize the truth, that only her family can love Charmaine and give her the feeling of contentment. Because of her good heart despite the pain she has been through, Charmaine chose to think of all the things she has and appreciate the effort of her grandparents for raising her up.She stood by the good toys with the thought that somehow, the bad toys will understand her and hope that her grandparents will realize that every child needs undivided attention, unconditional love, company and freedom to let them live every minute of their lives in its fullest. ***This paragraph serves several functions: we learn  Good toy’s selflessness for no matter how they want to be with Charmaine in their world, they still chose to bring back the girl to the reality and Charmaine’s understanding and good heart for still appreciating life and love despite things she is longing for – love, attention, care and freedom.

Primary caregiving for Toddlers in Early childhood education Essay

Essay: Primary caregiving for Toddlers in Early childhood education Within this assessment I aim to investigate primary caregiving for toddlers in early childhood education; considering the influence of historical and contemporary developments, theoretical perspectives, quality provision, specific pedagogical approaches and my personal professional philosophy of teaching and learning. Primary caregiving describes the relationship between toddlers and the most significant adult within their life, generally referring to their mother (Bernhardt, 2000); in early childhood education this concept refers to a kaiako taking on the primary role of their care within the learning environment. Primary caregiving in early childhood education has been recognised as the perfect opportunity to engage in sensitive and responsive encounters; such as nappy changing, feeding and observing the toddler within the environment, the observations are used to gather information for curriculum development and to communicate to parents (Rolfe, 2004). Clarence Edward Beeby and his wife Beatrice established the first play centre, in Wellington in 1941 (Stover, 2010). The emphasis of play centre was parent involvement, parents stay with their child/children throughout the session. Play centres are parent-led early childhood centres offering quality education for children in small mixed-age groups. The play centre association provide free parenting and early childhood education for parent members. In 1963, Sonia Davies established The New Zealand Childcare Association (NZCA) recognised as a courageous and charismatic leader, working to support private and community early childhood learning environments and those involved within the organisation. The notion of NZCA was to promote a quality in early childhood education (Stover, 2010, p. 12). In the 1980s, quality in early childhood education was investigated leading to the development of the Meade Report (1988); the government commissioned and identified recommendations regarding quality in early childhood education services in Aotearoa/New Zealand the Meade report includes but is not limited to group size, staff/child ratio, and providing a safe and healthy environment. Theoretical perspectives can be linked to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory; identifying the layers of influence in a child’s life, focusing on the quality and context of the child’s environment. Bronfenbrenner explains how relationships within social and cultural worlds influence behaviours, development and learning, shaping us into who we become (Drewery & Bird, 2004). Lev Vygotsky believed who we are and what we do is due to the influence of our cultural surroundings, referring to socio-cultural philosophy of learning (Vialle, Lysaght, Verenikina, 2005). Vygotsky an influential contributor to the evolving acknowledgment of the significance of relationships in learning and development, believed children engage in and undertake tasks when they have a mentor guiding them; involving positive interactions between adults and children (Arthur, Bleecher, Dickett, Farmer & Death, 2005). The attachment theory developed by Bowlby and Ainsworth in 1969 was inspired by ethological research on imprinting behaviour (Lorenz, 1952); developed to provide information regarding the way children gain perception of relationships, identifying a set of observable behaviours relating to social and emotional attachment. Bowlby believed the quality of attachment relationships forms the foundation of emotional development; the attachment theory explains how young children from bonds with specific people, such as parents or other close adults such as kaiako. A secure attachment status supports the toddler to explore freely, seeking support when needed. Loughran (2010) identified in pedagogy as the relationship between teaching and learning, understanding this interplay between teaching and learning and learning and teaching is an important shift in focus from teaching alone because it really means the two exist together† Relationship pedagogy recognises toddlers individual learning techniques accompanied by the kaiako’s reflection where the kaiako identify and implement personal values and beliefs into the care and education within the learning environment. . Gallagher and Mayer (2008) recognised pedagogical involvements with toddlers as gentle, responsive and individualised timely adjustments, responding to children’s verbal and non-verbal cues, temperament, cultural background, interests and current ‘zone of proximal development’. The introduction of a three-year early childhood teacher-education qualification in 1987 provoked kaiako to reflect on their practice with infants and toddlers with the intent to see teaching and learning as a holistic endeavour going beyond physical care. The concept of quality in early childhood education has been under investigation for the last three decades, with significant research undertaken to examine the components of quality within the organisation (Dalli, White, Rockel & Duhn, 2011). Rolfe (2004) believes to foster relationship based pedagogy kaiako need to understand attachment theory, and the implications of pedagogical relationships. Dalli, (et al., 2011) identifies relationship pedagogy comprising of care, respect and security involving responsive relationships, by understanding the manner in which the kaiako approaches relationship pedagogy is influenced by individual perceptions of the child as learner. Through building relationships getting to know the children kaiako are able to observe the learning which takes place (Dalli, et al. , 2011). The Ministry of Education, [MoE] 1996 acknowledges the importance of responsive relationships in early childhood education: â€Å"In order to thrive and learn, a toddler must establish an intimate, responsive, and trusting relationship with at least one other person† (p. 22). I recognise relationships are an important characteristic of early childhood education, which impacts toddlers learning and development within the environment. As an early childhood educator I am committed to supporting young children and their whanau throughout the child’s early childhood education; in able to support children throughout their learning journey it is imperative I understand the unique qualities of each child within my care, through implementing a primary caregiving system I would be able to form quality relationships with a small group of toddlers and their parents/whanau. Primary Caregiving System refers to the allocation of specific kaiako to individual children, the kaiako are responsible for the toddler’s overall well-being within the environment. To ensure quality care the toddler needs to form a secure attachment with their primary caregiver. Quality relationships between kaiako and toddler’s, fosters learning and development; this supports the kaiako to adapt and support individualised learning opportunities. Many theorists, including those whose ideas underpin the principles and strands of Te Whariki, support the significance of nurturing responsive reciprocal relationships through primary caregiving. Relationships developed from implementing the primary caregiving system can be supported by Bronfenbrenner and Vygotsky’s theories, by the way in which relationships shape and influence a child’s development. Relationship pedagogy recognises individual pace of learning, which in turn provides a structure for discourse. The New Zealand Childcare Association (NZCA) was founded in 1963 to support learning environments to promote quality early childhood education (Stover, 2010, p. 12). Reference List Arthur, L. Bleecher, B. Dockett, S. & Death, E. (2005), Programming and planning in early childhood settings (3rd ed.) Southbank, Victoria, Australia: Thompson. Bernhardt, J. L. (2000). A primary caregiving system for infants and toddlers: Best for everyone involved. Young Children, 55(2), 74-80. Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds. ), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2, Serial No. 209), 3-35. Dalli, C. , White, E. J. , Rockel, J. , Duhn, I. , with Buchanan, E. , Davidson, S. , Ganly, S. , Kus, L. , & Wang, B. (2011). Quality early childhood education for under-two-year-olds: What should it look like? A literature review. Retrieved from http://www. educationcounts. govt. nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/89532/965_QualityECE_Web-22032011. pdf Drewery, W. Bird, L. (2004). Human development in Aotearoa: A journey through life. New Zealand: McGraw Hill New Zealand. Gallagher, K. C. , & Mayer, K. (2008). Enhancing development and learning through teacher-child relationships. Young Children, 63(6), 80–87. Ministry of Education. (1996). Te Whariki: He whariki matauranga mo nga mokopuna o Aotearoa/early childhood curriculum. Wellington, New Zealand: Learning Media. Rolfe, S. (2000). Understanding relationships between professional carers and toddler. In child care: A case study, action research approach. The First Years Nga Tau Tuatahi. New Zealand Journal of infant and Toddler Education, 2(1), 9-12. Stover, S. (2010). A rapid history of early childhood education in Aotearoa New Zealand. In B. Clark & A. Grey (Eds. ), Perspectives on early childhood education: Ata kitea te pae – Scanning the horizon. North Shore, New Zealand: Pearson. Vialle, W. , Lysaght, P. , & Verenikina, I. (2005). Psychology for Educators.

Climate Change as a Moral Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Climate Change as a Moral Issue - Essay Example Climate change has tremendous effect on humanity and it is nowadays the most significant moral challenge that people face. Mother Nature is morally neutral considering the fact that each year natural catastrophes like global warming, tsunami, devastating earthquakes result in millions of casualty. The moral issues lie within the humans by the ways in which we prepare ourselves in defending such disasters and help the victims (Carter n.d.).The change in climate and the environmental challenge as a moral issue deserves a significant amount of discussion (Crompton & Kasser, 2009, p.2) considering the fact that nowadays it is the prime global concern. This paper deals with different aspects of the climatic change as a moral issue and elaborates the role of politics and public in meeting this challenge. Climate change and moral issue The climatic change is inculcated with complex moral troubles, which the present political system is not well adapted to address properly. Many societies are unaware and not well tailored with the variability in climatic change. As a result they are more vulnerable to the devastations of the climatic change that will adversely affect their economic and political indicators which in turn will bring a spillover effect in the international scenario. The climatic change can be viewed as a striking challenge to our moral self. It can be viewed as a paradigm moral problem, however much more multifaceted in nature. The characteristic of a paradigm moral problem is that an individual will harm or make another individual worse off and both the individuals and the damage done that way are identifiable. Again the individuals and the concerned damage are closely linked in terms of time and space. In this case an example may be considered; suppose David intentionally stole James’s bike, in this example the notion of above discussed concept is clear. Here both the individual and the damage are identified and they are also closely linked in tim e and space. But the moral problem related to the climatic change is not so simple and another example will illustrate that, suppose ‘Jack and a large number of unacquainted people set in motion a chain of events that causes a large number of future people who will live in another part of the world, from ever having bikes’ (Jamieson 2007, p.2). In this particular example the identification of the agents causing damage or generating negative externality is not properly identifiable. This refers to the fact that damage caused this way transmits through time and affects future group of people whose numbers can be predicted but cannot be exactly determined at present time frame. Similar to this the climate change affects different groups of people over various time frames and both of them can not be identified with pin point accuracy. More interestingly people are often indifferent or even at dark regarding the future loss incurred through climatic change as that do not dir ectly affect them. Owing to these facts and minimal difference in characteristic with the usual moral problem; the climatic change often does not get considered as a moral problem, which has resulted in common negligence in responding to this problem with utmost urgency (Jamieson 2007, pp. 1-2). Climate Change as a challenge to the Political System Political concerns

Project Procurement1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Procurement1 - Essay Example In reality it is not as simple as it seems because the choice can rotate from small matters such as if a company makes turbine generators they might have to consider either to set up ball bearing manufacturing machine with in their business premises or should they simply purchase it from outside or for instance a car manufacturing company might consider making a engine or purchasing it from outside resources. The buy or make decision does not only pertain in manufacturing companies but it is also found excessively in outsourcing companies for instance a data processing company will think if they should hire data entry employees or give them out to specialized service providers (Probert, 1997). Till the twentieth century many of the companies were manufacturing all their components in house. While some companies like Ford Motor Company was not only extracting the iron ore from their own plant but was also fabricating the equipment needed to assemble the car on the other hand Toyota had started purchasing three fourth of their entire raw material from the suppliers and were only focusing on assembling the car parts together. As years passed the trend of purchasing from outside resources has become more and more common. The trend is more common amongst the service businesses such as fleet management, billing and collection, fleet management and man power recruitment. The Business Process Outsourcing has become extremely popular. The companies are now outsourcing their entire value chain to other companies both locally and outside the boundaries of the county. The best example of outsourcing would be the IT outsourcing industry which has grown from 131 billion to $ 160 billio n in 2006 (Mahadevan, 2008). Whether to buy or whether to manufacture is a question that is always on the minds of the procurement team. There are various issues that are associated with the buy or make decision making such as firstly the team has to decide whether

Employee relations are one of IHRM. Critically analyses how cultural Essay

Employee relations are one of IHRM. Critically analyses how cultural differences might affect it. Illustrate your answer with examples - Essay Example This is to ensure justice prevails, and suitable measures are taken. This calls for the supervisors to consider progressive discipline and regulatory measures in effecting disciplinary actions. These measures are also required to resolve grievances and appeals from the employees. There are employee relations policies that outline steps that supervisors are supposed to take to address work performance and behaviour. Steps in these policies are not rigid procedural requirements that should be used in every situation. The measures are helpful in establishing guidelines to help supervisors monitor and ensure workers meet the expectations. Communication is a crucial tool in employee relations (Stewart, 2010). Employees require proper communication so that they can feel as part of an organization. Thus, it is necessary for supervisors to provide information to employees to promote good understanding of the goals and policies of the organization. This information is also important to employees as it helps in correcting poor performance, personal issues and other duty misconducts. Suitable advice is given to employees on legislation, applicable regulations and other bargaining agreements. It is through these advices that all indifferences are taken into account ranging from economic, social and cultural factors. In this process, employees are advised on the way to present their grievances in an organization (Chew & Chan, 2008). In this process, there is a proper understanding of organizational measures in labour provision. Employer’s main objective is work quality. It is obvious that happy employees create customers who are happy thus suitable business results are achieved. It is the need of every employee to get a respectful, fair, and a healthy workplace. Work motivators determine the work quality and the ability for workers to deliver at their level best. They include job security, workplace

The primary reason that America went to war against Britain in 1812 Essay

The primary reason that America went to war against Britain in 1812 - Essay Example However, tensions still remained between the two nations. The primary reason as to why James Madison declared war against Britain can be associated with differences in the high seas. In his congressional speech, Madison stated that cruisers from Britain violated the American flag. Besides, he accused the British of seizing persons sailing under the American flag (Haberle, 2003). This, he argued, was against the law that governs the relationships between nations. To Madison, the actions of the cruisers seemed to favor the British while the Americans continued to suffer. Madison also purported that the British had violated the sovereignty of the United States. Therefore, he sought support from congress. Factors that led to the declaration of the war can be associated with the decision of the British to drag American citizens in warships. Madison claimed that this exposed Americans to significant dangers while in their own country. The actions of the British to use American subjects in their battles triggered Madison to declare war. The British did not respect America as a sovereign country. As such, the war had to be fought to end British control of the United States (Haberle,

People hit family members because they can Essay

People hit family members because they can - Essay Example Consider a couple named Chet and Margorie that had been married for ten years. Oftentimes Chet is a very domineering husband and many times has hit and abused his wife because he believed she did not do an adequate job of cleaning the house. While it’s easy to consider that Chet is just a violent person, one must also consider what would occur if Chet had a janitor that did not properly clean his office. In these regards, it seems clear that Chet would not attack the janitor. While Chet’s exact motivations are not easily discernable, Jacobson (1998) indicates that spousal abuse is oftentimes linked to dysfunctional relationship patterns and modes of communication within the household. Markowitz (2000) also indicates that spousal abuse more readily occurs, or is deemed ‘acceptable’ as compared to public violence, as the abuser is able to rely on the abused person’s emotional or financial dependence to ensure they will not receive punishment. In these regards, the abused person is often unable to leave or inform the authorities about the abuse because they rely on the abuser for their survival. While the earlier instance considers spousal abuse, family abuse also occurs in other forms. Consider the instance of David and Marie.

Elizabeth Catlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Elizabeth Catlet - Essay Example Catlett was born during World War One, and soon grew to become a leading educator and artist of African American descent. Because of this reason, she was engaged in a lot of political activism, and even used her art to criticize political systems. She received a lot of criticisms, and found herself in a lot of trouble for this reason. She used her art as a platform to express her political opinions, activism, and general feelings (Rosenberg 1). Catlett is known to have created a significant amount of works as a sculptor and printmaker. Some of her best prints include the Sharecropper, Malcolm X speaks for us, Dancing figure, Black woman speaks, and the Singing head among others. Her sculptures got displayed in numerous outdoor locations such as Washington D. C., Mississippi, and Mexico. Her printmaking was important in reminding people that print was one of the best public art mediums, because it was inexpensive and easy to make as large editions as required. Catlett was committed to revealing black aesthetics through her sculptures and prints. She managed to empower and inspire black viewers and artists. She was passionate about making black people find meaning in public art, so as to give them an art to identify with, and encourage them to explore galleries and museums (Rosenberg 1). Rosenberg, K. â€Å"Elizabeth Catlett, Sculptor with Eye on Social Issues, Is Dead at 96.† The New York Times 3 Apr. 2012. Web.

Tabloid, Celebrity Internet Assignment Research Paper

Tabloid, Celebrity Internet Assignment - Research Paper Example He suggested four categories for the purveyors of news, namely: elite, prestige, popular, and tabloid (Sparks and Tulloch, 2000, 292). It follows a hierarchical classification where the best is the elite and the tabloid - at the bottom rung - is typified by poor quality in terms of structure and content. The differences demonstrate a reverse progression of content standards - from objective stories that are factual and substantial, the additional use of images, the emphasis on drama, action, entertainment, simplicity and immediacy, to the pure sensationalized content that focus on scandals, celebrity and crime. It is interesting to note that Paletz, identified TV shows such as American Journal, A Current Affair, Hard Copy and Inside Edition in addition to supermarket tabloids in the category of tabloid news (Sparks and Tulloch, 293). Rainwater supported this stratified characteristics when he explained the hierarchy and characteristics of taste and cultures are similar to the hierarc hy and characteristics of the U.S. class structure, pointing out that the taste that a person develops can largely depend on his or her class origins, particularly the quality of education. The idea is that tabloid media must cater to the low taste culture of a segment of the population that are not exposed to higher cultural origin - those that prefer â€Å"greater literalness† and the emphasis on action, as found in adventure stories, melodrama and violent sports (Rainwater, 2009, 356). Rainwater stressed that â€Å"taste culture often express the class concerns of their public† (356). This aspect highlights the cultural and social dimension to tabloid programming. The public reception to the Bonnie and Clyde movie demonstrate this position. It was positively received by the audience across various class groupings. But the appreciation came from diverging perspectives. The elite saw the material as a critique to the American society whereas lower class public saw it as a crime thriller, one that shocks and entertains. A comparison to history or historical documentary/narrative is an excellent approach to highlight the nature of tabloid media. According to Glynn (2000), history â€Å"depicts the current regime as the inevitable expression of an unbroken continuity rooted in human nature and a presumptively teleological social evolution† (138). The opposing approach is identified as genealogy, which focuses on discontinuity into our very being in an attempt to explore possibilities of the past and the future. As Glynn pointed out, the origin of tabloid media is aligned with its modalities since genealogy is all about depicting history â€Å"in the form of a concerted carnival† (138). What makes it appealing is the fact that it supposedly provokes laughter and entertainment as opposed to the sobriety and solemnity of pure truth. These points of view highlight the perception that tabloid media public tends to be drawn to fantastical m aterials that show extremely distorted truth in order to satisfy a thirst for entertainment. Also, media today - through technological advancement - has become a public forum where producers of content sets the stage and the millions of spectators can access or watch at the same time, regardless of geographical distance and time. There are authors who consider the media and the entertainment industry as a battleground wherein important messages, images, issues and constructs

Past market failure and present development of Marks and Spencer in Essay

Past market failure and present development of Marks and Spencer in internationalization - Essay Example The promotional strategies in UK were not successful as the company was implementing strategies which were old fashioned and outdated. Instead, the company decided on using celebrity endorsement strategies using big celebrities such as Elizabeth Jagger, Twiggy, Danii Minogue, Laura Bailey etc, to target UK customers (Hackley, 2009). Looking at the present promotional strategies, the company thought that celebrity endorsement will be the best strategy for creating positive brand equity. Since most of the products of the retail chain are perceived to be of high quality and sourced in an ethical manner, the pricing strategy for grocery products has been placed above average (Alon, 2006). The target management strategy which M&S has been following is to be in line with luxury brands such as John Lewis, Bhs, Debenhams and Next. However, apparel pricing is lower than rest of the brands as the retail chain wants its products to be affordable (Kotabe and Helsen, 2001). Distribution strategie s are planned so that products are able to reach target customers through the most efficient channel. Most of the distribution channels are backed by wholesalers, retailers, online sales, forwarding and customs clearing agent, sales executives from the company etc (Zhao, Niu and Castillo, 2010). The objective is to increase the overall customer reach. Therefore location has been the key priority for M&S while establishing its base in any foreign country. In most of the foreign countries, M&S have chosen those geographical locations which are near to the major trading areas as well as attract local customers from the surroundings (Fernie, 1992). Most of the company stores are located... Even though Marks and Spencer has been able to retain its position as a pioneer in retail products, it is no surprise that the company needs new strategies, media channels and distribution plans in order to establish itself as the most preferred one-stop retail store. New formats of the model retail will have to be developed in order to revive its positioning in the international market. Marks and Spencer has always been known for its knowledge of exact customer demands. They have always been a customer friendly organisation. Thus the first step for the retail chain will be to retain this place. In order to do this the company will have to arrange a comprehensive data base of customers in the country where the company has established its base. This can be achieved through a number of sources such as national geo-demographics, panels specialising in industry details such as fashion and national lifestyle lists. The company can also use details from its active accounts which are more t han 4 million in number as of now. Once the company gets sufficient information from the database, the next target will be to attract these customers. In order to do this customer can be divided into specific target segments according to age, demographics, gender and lifestyle etc. For example, to target women the company can hire local product designers who will be responsible for designing popular and largely accepted clothing range. The company can also cross-merchandise various ranges and spread offers across various relevant channels. Point of sale displays and advertisements can also be created in order to attract this specific segment. Customer feedback is another strategy which can be very helpful in making effective marketing and management strategies

Access to Medicines in Developing Countries Essay Example for Free

Access to Medicines in Developing Countries Essay One of the appalling statistics that came out of a survey in 2000 was the percentage of the HIV/AIDS infections in Africa. It was reported that nearly 80% of the total number of affected people was from this continent. Now if this report sounds dreadful, one might get a bigger shock by looking at the picture of modern healthcare methodologies in Africa. Despite being a developing nation, Africa gets scarcely one percent of modern drugs. The value of all medical drugs transported to Africa amounts to the expenses spent on advertising by the leading pharmaceutical companies in the United States of America. Under the light of this reality, this paper is going to discuss the genuine scenario in developing countries that don’t have an affordable access to life-saving medicines. It might be noted that access to medicines is a fundamental human right, and there is a yawning gap between crisis and cure in a capitalistic social setup. Due to increased political pressure, many drug manufacturing companies have been forced to review their business strategies and produce medicines that are relatively less expensive. Moreover, it is also mandatory to formulate a well-organized delivery system that would ensure a proper and timely delivery of the medicinal goods to Africa and other Third World countries. Modern healthcare remedies are needed to be deployed in order to combat the menace of HIV and other diseases in the underprivileged tropics. (â€Å"Access to Medicine in Developing Countries†, 2000) Access to medicine in developing countries has always been a matter of great disputation, mainly because of the convoluted interaction between macroeconomic development, patterns of diseases and healthcare requirements and provisions. It has been an inescapable paradox for many countries where the national economic status can only be attained by improved health status. Hence, lack of supply of life-saving drugs hinders the scope and opportunity of national healthcare. (â€Å"Improving Access to Medicines in Developing Countries†, 2005) The impoverished countries find it a mammoth task to meet both ends successfully. It has been proposed that only a large scale international funding can inject some fruitful results in the context of healthcare and economic boost. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are working together to provide the best possible framework for improved health status as well as the macroeconomic development of developing nations. WTO is primarily concerned with the organized growth of a capitalist, free market global economy. On the other hand, WHO is focused on improving health conditions by providing healthcare models that can be applied to both developed as well as developing nations. Institutional and public sector frameworks play a crucial role in realizing the objectives of WHO to the best possible extent. The newly incepted Global Health Fund is working relentlessly to provide remedies for HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS agreement) are held, in some cases, as obstacles for access to essential medicines in developing countries. Ever since WTO finalized the TRIPS agreement in April 1994, this issue has been a matter of great debate. The main problems in accessing medicines, as viewed by experts, are the increasing expenses, which can shoot up to 66% of total expenditure in developing nations. Today’s scenario as far as having access to essential medicines is concerned is an alarming one, with more than one-third of the world’s population are deprived of indispensable drugs. According to the WHO, developing countries, especially those in Asia and Africa, must be provided with an all-encompassing solution in terms of health priority problems, and they must be able to gain access to life-saving medicines at an affordable deal. To make matters worse, the poorer section of societies in developing countries find themselves all at sea due to their inability to physically access life-saving drugs. So both availability and affordability are the key areas of concern. Now under these circumstances, the introduction of strong and worldwide product patents for drugs, as implemented through the TRIPS agreement, may cause drastic increase in prices for essential medicines. The ‘legal monopoly’ that comes with such rigid patent system prevents anybody from producing, selling or distributing medicines in an unauthorized manner. Even if there is no patent laws, access to medicines is going to be a problem for the developing countries, due to adequate purchasing capabilities and required infrastructure. Majority of the medicines for HIV/AIDS are still under ‘live’ patent coverage. It doesn’t make for affordable access to such medicines either. And since more than 95% of HIV/AIDS affected people are from developing countries, and 50% of them belong to the productive age group of below 25 years, serious socio-economic consequences are perceived with very little signs of relief. Before TRIPS were put to effect, most developing countries and some developed countries did not impose patent laws on medicines even if they were manufactured with innovative technological aids. But today, most of these nations being WTO members have to enforce the patent laws laid down by TRIPS. This has led to hike in prices of patented medicines. It is worth noticing that even under the TRIPS guidelines, patents are to be given only on applications received from 1995 onwards for new therapeutic inventions. So any medicine manufactured before 1995 should not be unaffordable for the developing nations. Manufacturers of the newer and more innovative pharmaceutical products file for patents only in countries where business of piracy runs rampant. Parallel import of drugs is another important issue that came into consideration after the TRIPS agreement. The Intellectual Property Rights owners of specific brands of medicines face problems when goods, legally distributed in the market of one country, are imported to another without the necessary legal authorization. Now, as long as there is no discrepancy in Intellectual Property Rights in two different countries, article 6 of TRIPS defends parallel import. But considering the economic side of such imports, it might be noted that price of the same medicine in one country may rise or fall to a great extent in another. So developing countries, without violating the Intellectual Property Rights protection, may find a way out to access essential but expensive drugs from its neighboring countries. (Watal, J. 2000) In addition to what is discussed above, one must bear in mind the supply side process concerning manufacture and distribution of medicines. The specific issue related to accessibility to medicines is directly linked with the development and implementation of more efficient and cost-effective measures in manufacturing and distributing drugs. A number of speculative theories and ideologies have been put forward to address the issue of maximizing the available resources to achieve a standardized health status around the globe. However, the aim of this paper is not to get into a particular ideological standpoint, or to promote distinct solutions, but to gain a deeper insight into the real constraints of manufacturing and distributive activities. One has to take into account the diverse theoretical concepts, the macroeconomic environment of international economics and technological nuances of the pharmaceutical sectors. Once we identify the constraints, it will be easier to suggest feasible solutions in terms of easy and regular access to medicines for the developing countries. The policies adopted by pharmaceutical companies are worth taking a look at.

Why Do Youth Join Gangs?

Why Do Youth Join Gangs? Why do teens join gangs? This is a question many parents ask themselves. There are several reasons why teens join gangs, but ranging from; to fit in or to feel accepted, come from a broken home, being rebellious, these are the most common. Peer pressure is a major influence on some teens decision to join gangs. Teenagers in the world today face more peer pressure than ever before. Gang involvement has been higher in the last ten years. While doing research on teens, I came across a website called Peer Pressure During Adolescence (www.mc.maricopa.eduept/dev/Fall99?peer_pressure/index.htlm). In this reading it states; Two major concerns about the influence of peer pressure are gang involvement and the use of alcohol and other drugs. It also goes onto say that gangs provide a sense of safety not just belonging. The youth are searching for anyone who will listen, even if it means giving in to join a gang. We as parents need to speak with our children and actually listen. The teens of todays generation seem to b more aggressive and persuasive than ever before. We as parents may even feel intimidated by our own children. Can you just imagine how intimidated the children must feel when approached by a gang member? According to the TUSD Department of School Safety, it states that the primary age of gang members ranges from 13-21years of age. It also indicated some common reasons teens join gangs, which listed as: Identity Gang members cannot achieve an identity in their larger community, so they gain culture. They often visualize themselves as warriors against the outside world, protecting their neighborhood. Protection Joining a gang in a community with several gangs offers considerable protection from violence and attack from rival gangs. Fellowship Studies indicate that a tight structure tends to be lacking in the homes of gang members. Gang activity offers that closeness, that sense of family that is often lacking in the home. Intimidation Pressure to join a gang can become very dangerous. New members may be forced to join by threats, violent beatings, and initiations in order to increase gang membership. (www.tusd.k12.az.us/contents/deparment/safty/general.htl) Another reason to be address for teens joining gangs is fellowship. Many would refer to this as a broken home. Maybe the parents got a divorce, or another family member raises the child. Fellowship for instance, as listed above gang activity offers that closeness, that sense of family that is often lacking in the home. This is actually something that parents/guardians can correct in their own household. If people would communicate with the youth there maybe less number of teens, joining gangs. Having a good communication with your children will not only be less likely to join gangs but the drug use and violence standard for teens could also be lowered. Another reason why some teens might join gangs would be to make fast money. There are several reports of gangs robbing people, banks, and other locations. Another thing would be the usage and selling of drugs. If a teen comes from an underprivileged home or even if he/she comes from an extremely wealthy home, the selling of drugs in a gang could bring them fast cash. There are still going to be reasons for the increase number of teens in gangs due to various situations. The excitement factor can be considered. Teens may feel a thrill in the rebellious acts that gangs perform. They may feel as if they are living in a movie or fantasy world when actually it is reality. While belonging or claiming a certain color that their enemies do not like, that can spark interest in a young youths eyes. To have a rush in the crimes gangs commit or just the whole lifestyle in general can capture some teens minds. There are several movies that portray the cool kids as rebellious teens. The wanting to be cool can lead to many troubling situation including joining a gang. It is time for all the reasons and excuses to be done away and have the youth pulled back to reality, in so do by, show them the after effects of the gang life style, and the other options they have in life. In my research, I found a website informing people of their decisions to live the gang lifestyle. The writer Rob Gallardo indicates, One joins a gang for various reasons. However, choosing to continue to live out the gangster lifestyle always involves a series of choices. .choices we make now always correlate to consequences immediately or just down the road. (Operation No Gangs, www.operationnogangs.org) What Rob is saying is that there may be a lot of reasons for teens joining gangs ,the greater concern would be the consequences that could take place resulting in that reason . We need to step up and reach out to the youth of today. The youth will be the next president, vice president, or even a counselor for teens that join gangs. I have a stepson who had a good life growing up, or we thought he did. When he became a teenager, he went down the wrong path so to speak. He stole cars, robbed people, shot at peoples homes while people were inside. Let us just say he was not the same boy we knew. He spent all his teen years in and out juvenile facilities. He came out with several tattoos, and his vocabulary included gang slang. He claimed to be in the MS13 (one of the worst gangs in Texas). When he came out one time, my husband asked him why he was do all the stuff he was doing, his response was a very emotional one. He mentioned the fact that his mother and my husband were not together. My husband tried to explain everything to him. That was one indicator that the choice he made was for coming from a broken home. He now has a son and recently came out of the c ounty jail for breaking probation. Now the choice he makes has a much worse consequence. If we were to interview all the former teen gang members, I am sure there will be several reasons for their choice to join a gang. Peer pressure, fitting in, and coming from a broken home will be the top answers that will be given. Lets try to eliminate these reasons for our youths sake and encourage a positive way of life for them. Do Customers Want a Standardised Product? Do Customers Want a Standardised Product? â€Å"Customers no longer want a standardised product and their expectations determine quality, Differentiation and Customisation should therefore replace standardisation as the way to meet those expectations in the hospitality sector† – To what extent do you agree or disagree this point? It can be seen that customers wants standard quality of commodities and facilities they consume in their day to day life. Change in their needs may sometimes create discontent to the customers and absence of delightfulness can be seen. Along with the product being standardised it is mandatory for that to also be of approved quality. This statement falls true in case of â€Å"High Quality Product attracts more Number of Customers†. One can get benefited by adopting the Standardisation policy as the rules and regulations of the particular company will be the same and hence the procedure of the company runs smoothly as the policies are determined as per the rules. Standardisation helps in getting expected quality of commodities to the customers and their expectations determine the quality which they want to perceive. The importance of Standardisation can be understood by linking it with quality of service perceived by the customers. Customers want better quality of service at standardised level. For example, if in a pizza hut restaurant, one table gets proper personalised attention with quick service and the other table does not get the same level of service when compared then this leads to high quality of dissatisfaction amongst the customers getting poor quality of service. This factor will not create delight to the customers and would not meet their expected standards as well as their expectations. It is not every time that customization proves to be better but also standardization helps customers to fulfil their requirements in their day to day life. Though it is rightly said that customisation means to modify the things as per the customers individual requirement and choice but standardization is to keep the uniformity of the product designed and maintaining its standards. Standardisation means to conform to a uniformly pre-described set of norms, repeatedly by standardizing any product. Standardized product gives better quality of service. As the products and commodities are standardized it becomes easy to provide service in accordance of the same. In other sense customization means making changes in particular product as per the customer’s requirement and desires. This helps customers making their own choice about any standardized product. Customization and Standardization either of two satisfies customers needs in their own terms and services. Considering all such factors customization and differentiation can be replaced by standardization based on some norms and policies. One of the benefits of standardization is the cost effectiveness leading to high price. Compared to pizza hut one can notice the price effectiveness of the restaurant. There are costly dishes in the restaurant which are not actually afforded by lower class of people even if they desire the pizza hut food. Further, if the products and commodities are standardized consistency and uniformity is maintained and it becomes easy to work so the management runs smoothly and efficiently. Adding to this, it is also necessary for a restaurant to plan its future uncertainties and certainties affecting the business. Similarly on other note, there are some disadvantages of standardization affecting the creativity of a personnel working in a particular sector. Referring to Pizza Hut restaurant, it can be observed that as all the procedures and recipes are standardized, this shows death of one’s own personal touch and also kills their creativity. Also for that, to make workers and employees un derstand their work properly it becomes mandatory to provide them with required training and for that high cost is imposed on such activity which leads to increase in labor cost factor. As all the work and the procedures are standardized lack of motivation is being provided to the employees, somehow leading to dissatisfaction for the employees. On other side adopting standardization policy fails to satisfy customers based on their needs and wants as all the things are standardized and no further changes can be made as per their own choice but comparing this to pizza hut, they help us customizing the product we want to some extent. The base of standardization is the policies determined at the time of formation of the standardized products and services. Companies marketing their products and services overseas are faced with the decision of whether to standardize or adapt their product offerings. The standardization of products across cultures is increasingly becoming an important issue nowadays that is difficult to follow for some company. Standardization policy means to sell the same product throughout the world making no changes even at one particular place, as this maintains the uniformity over the world of such company or brand. Adding to this, as all the products are standardized it becomes easy for the manufacturing and production committee to manufacture the products uniformly as per the requirements throughout the world. Doole and Lowe (2008), mainly advocate product standardization. In their observation, Doole and Lowe (2008), point out that the standardization discussion leads at one extreme, a global approach in which everything in the international marketing activity is standardized in all countries as standardizing the various elements of the marketing process has the aim of scale economies in production thereby leading to improved efficiency. As the world becomes smaller and the markets are seen as being the same, others have been advocating a standardized product strategy as they view the market to be the same as it is increasingly becoming homogeneous. Further, Doole and Lowe (2008) point out that if the product is not attractive or appealing to the customers, then no amount of sales promotion, appropriate channel of distribution or reduction in price will help to achieve the marketing target. Hence, physical design, brand name, quality, packaging, durability, taste and services attached to the product are very important from the marketing point of view. It is an obvious thing that a product’s appearance, function, and support make up what the customer will actually buy. Therefore, it is vital for managers to pay close attention to the preferences and tastes of their product packages in addressing their customers. Further, in managing product components, product planning and development entails careful planning with the customer in mind. Thus suggesting that, the decisions are required to be taken regarding product range, packaging, branding, quality, labeling and other features of the product. In the question as to whether to standardize or adapt, a product manufactured for market should be according to the needs and expectations of consumers. Comparing this to pizza hut, it can be seen that if the product is attractive it creates delight to the customers and make them desire about the particular item. A customer gets attract seeing the marketing strategies of the restaurant providing facilities perceived by the customers ful filling their individual desires and wants. In pizza hut we can see that the menu at different branch of it differs and is attractive which attracts more customers and also the advertising element plays a vital role for the same. It is also mandatory for such brand to check whether the qualities of the products they are using are of standard quality or not. According to the understanding of the authors, standardization is a practice of setting identical characteristics for a particular good or service. Lundeteg, A. (2012) also suggests a standardized approach as a â€Å"one size fits all† approach. It can be seen that the standardization of products across cultures is increasingly becoming an important issue that the managers of global firms are facing today. Adding to this, Valdez (2011) points out that those firms following a standardization strategy enter foreign markets using the same advertisements, packages and presentations that were used in the domestic market. Because making new advertisements, packages and product lines is expensive, standardization requires less investment as compared to other such policies of the company. Pizza hut brand also follows these norms, as in our day to day life we can see that the brand is trying to achieve success more by offering affordable offers to the customers also by delivering their desired product at home and also by announcing new products and strategies in the market by attractive advertisements and publicity for the same. Thus, such adoption of strategy helps more customers to attract towards such facilities. According to Kustin (1994) in making a marketing plan, the type of market is important to be considered and additionally the degree of standardization must be thought well. Later on it is indicated that the product standardization plays more of a big role in durable and nondurable consumer goods. Kustin notes that standardization of strategies is better off in markets that are categorized with similarities. He mentions that global marketing attempts for success and competence in standardized product strategies, where products are sold in global markets at reasonable prices and same country strategies are set to be same for all markets in the world. Therefore, it is worth noting that from a company’s perspective it is strongly recommended to reflect standardization strategy when wanting to develop a global product strategy while considering the market characteristics. There is continuous competition in the global market about the better quality of service and commodities provid ed by the different brands like pizza hut, dominos, etc. as the taste, presentation, procedures and the policies differ from one and the other type of brand. The standardization policy in India and foreign countries may differ because of the eat pork. This problem has no solution yet until the approval of permission is done. unavailability of some products in India which are used in foreign countries. For example in India, ban on beef and ham fails to satisfy the needs of the customers desiring for the same which causes dissatisfaction to the customers to some extent, so to overcome this problem an alternative measure has to be taken instead of not delivering the desired product change the design of the product and deliver to the customers making some innovation and creativity. This somehow creates delight to the customers by not fully dissatisfying them. The products offered in pizza hut in India is different from the product being offered in pizza hut of USA because such unavailability of resources in the market. The major issue in the McDonalds standardized products was beef. Hence the biggest challenge to any food business in India de finitely was about balancing the diversity and the product offerings. As such, cow being sacred and worshipped, beef could not be served and in the same vein Muslims did not eat pork. This problem has no solution until the permission for the same is being approved. It is said that there have been international companies, which have introduced their product line across borders using the standardization strategy and have been successful. Standardization helps in achieving the pre described set of goals by following some pre determined policies and the procedures. However, Customization helps in getting the customers what they actually want and in which manner but Standardization comes to a limitation to this which somehow stops customer’s to get what they want and desire for their needs. Thus it makes clear that the motives of standardization should be adopted for smooth and accurate running of the business or a firm. It also becomes easy to follow the norms and policies if everything is standardized. The implicit argument in this article is that whether to replace standardization with differentiation and customization and if, then to what extent it should be replaced. Here, standardization proves to be better than that of customization and differentiation in the products and the commodities. The biggest benefit of adopting standardized procedures is that the work becomes easy and ease of management can be seen which in case of customization does not follows the same. Many problems are faced when the procedures are to b customized as per one’s own requirement at every level of service. Standardization is more beneficial as there are many restaurants or such brands adopting same policies and procedure throughout the world which creates uniformity in following such rules. In other hand, customization does not proves to be this much convenient as standardization because it demands variations in many ways which is not possible for a world wide spread company to follow different procedures at different places. Hence, emphasis is laid more on standardization than on customization. Hence the degree of Pizza Hut’s standardization of their products is greater as compared to any other company. Here by, all the companies should follow the standardization policy for their ease and smooth running of their business. List of References: Doole, I and Lowe, R. (2008), International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, development and Implementation, 5thed. London, Thomson Learning. Lundeteg, A., Knowledge Management: Standardization Vs. Adaption in MNCs, unpublished thesis, (Sweden: Uppsala Universitet, 2012). Kustin, R.A (1994), Marketing Globalization: A didactic examination for corporate strategy, The International Executive (1986-1998), 36(1), pp. 79-79.

Ascites Is A Special Case In The Medical Geriatric Ward Nursing Essay

Ascites Is A Special Case In The Medical Geriatric Ward Nursing Essay Background I think ascites is a special case in this Medical Geriatric ward, because I saw this only one case of ascites in this four weeks practicum. And it is my first time that care patient with ascites. Therefore, I interest and choose this case for studying the nursing care of ascites. In this total patient care study, I will talk about the information and relevant clinical data about this case, the pathophysiology of ascites, the nursing assessment, care plan within patient hospitalize period 20-21/09/2010, plan for future management, and what I learn from this case. Case presentation Patient X is 72-year-old male. He lives in old age home, chair bound for activities of daily living. He is dependent Comprehensive Social Security Assistance, exsmoker and exdrinker. He was admission to Accident Emergency at 20/09/2010. He complained that increased abdominal distension for 2 days, poor appetite, shortness of breath. Physcial condition: conscious, SaO2 95% under room air, afebrile, chest clear, no ankle edema. His primary diagnosis is cirrhosis and gross ascites. He has chronic renal impairment, diabetes mellitus, alcoholic cirrhosis of liver, and chronic ascites. Last time admitted from 05-07/09/2010 for ascites, therapeutic abdominal tap was done and 1.3L ascites fluid was removed. Ascites is an accumulation of extracellular fluid in the peritoneal cavity abnormally. It is the most common major complication of portal hypertension following liver cirrhosis. Blocking the blood flow through the liver sinusoids to hepatic veins and vena cava lead to increased pressure in the portal venous system. It results in plasma leaks out directly from the liver capsule and the congested portal vein into the peritoneal cavity. In addition, hepatocellular damage reduces the livers ability to synthesize normal amounts of albumin, which may deteriorate by leakage of protein in ascites. The evidence of hypoalbuminemia shows in the blood test that the albumin was 24g/L, which is a low level. Adlosterone cannot activate by liver to stimulate the kidneys to retain sodium and water due to hepatocellular damage. Thus, sodium and water are still retention, and the volume of peritoneal cavity fluid grows continue. In this case, the medical management can be performed to patient X should be paracentesis or abdominal tap. This procedure involves using a thin needle to pull ascites fluid from the abdomen (George Longstreth, 2009). Large-volume paracentensis repeated done in combination with Albumin administered intravenously, which can avoid a sudden drop in blood flow in the arteries and to replace each liter of removed ascitic fluid. The physician prescribed IV administration of Albumin 40g after tapping and 30g. 10500ml milk like in color of ascites fluid was removed. If ascites is recurrent, therapeutic abdominal tap may need to be done every two weeks or more frequently, and need to remove up to 10 liters ascites fluid (Cirrhosis Ascites). Ascitic fluid analysis also done before for provides a sample of fluid for analysis, which help for determine the underlying cause of the ascites. No malignant cell was found. An abdominal x-ray and ultrasonography study was done to comfier the presence of ascites. It may locate fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The result did not show dilated bowel. A low sodium and protein diet with restriction of fluids 1L per day. Edema in the form of ascites brings about shallow breathing and impaired gas exchange, as a result of respiratory compromise. We need to Promote and maintain an effective breathing pattern, Arterial blood gas analysis and pulse oximetry monitor every four hours were ordered. Potassium- sparing diuretic Frusemide tablet 40mg twice a day was prescribed. Nursing assessment In abdominal assessment, inspect for skin integrity (pigmentation, lesions, scars, veins, and umbilicus, etc), contour (flat, rounded, etc), distension, respiratory movement, visible peristalsis, and pulsations. Then to auscultation of the abdomen, warmed the stethoscope and the hands, light pressure act on the stethoscope is sufficient to detect bowel sounds and bruits. Then perform percussion of the abdomen; abdominal percussion is aimed at detecting fluid in the ascites, gaseous distension, and masses within the abdomen. Percuss lightly on abdomen according to auscultation site at each abdominal guardant. The sound will be dull if the ascites is presence. Measure the abdominal girth circumference. Assess the amount of distress leaded by the ascites that ask the patient whether the fluid is interfering with sleeping, eating, and breathing (Head-To-Toe Assessment (R. Abdomen), 2008). Nursing diagnosis Excess fluid volume and deficient fluid volume related to fluid shifts secondary to portal hypertension, hypoalbuminemia. It is a combination of volume problem for patient with ascites. The expected outcomes of this care plan are that a normal balance of fluid in the peritoneal cavity will be maintained as evidenced by normal serum albumin levels, without of hypovolemia, decreased abdominal girth, and normal blood pressure measurement. Electrolyte or acid- base are balance. For nursing intervention, monitor the intake and output of patient daily, and record the IO chart. Output should be equal to or exceed intake. Strictly restrict the patients fluid intake. If possible, administer medication with meals, so mealtime fluids can be used for taking medications. Assess the patients dietary intake and habits that may lead to fluid retention. Limit high sodium intake, because it can lead to increased water retention. Administer albumin and diuretics as physician prescribed. Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and impair sodium excretion by the kidney. Thus, it needs to avoid administering them. Weight the client and measure the patients abdominal girth daily. Closely monitor the patient after paracentesis procedure. To ensure the client has tolerated the procedure well, check the vital signs frequently. Check the dressing carefully to ensure that there are no losing excessive amounts of fluid. Use a pouch to co llect leaking fluid if necessary. Ineffective breathing pattern related to increased intra-abdominal pressure on the diaphragm. The expected outcomes of this care plan are that the patient express relief of feelings of faulty breathing pattern as a result of no shortness of breath and the presence of normal respiratory excursion. Patient has a normal respiratory rate, compared with baseline. (Lynda juall carpenito-moyet) For nursing intervention, position the client in a high-Fowler position with an arm supported with pillows. It can facilitate breathing and relieves the pressure acting on diaphragm. Monitor the clients respiratory status (crackles and increased respirations) for the development of atelectasis or pneumonia to identifies fluid in lungs. Encourage the patient to deep breathe and cough. Use an incentive spirometer to maintain and monitor the respiratory function. If the cough does not loosen to expectorate reparatory secretion, patient can receive ultrasound treatment For improving gas exchange, administer oxygen and blood products as ordered. Teach the patient some breathing techniques, such as pursed-lip breathing to overcome poor breathing patterns (Lynda juall carpenito-moyet). To evaluation the outcome, treatments of ascites enable the client to breath with minimal difficulty. Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to increased pressure on stomach and intestines, feeling of fullness, poor appetite. The expected outcomes of this care plan are that patient X has appetite and he can keep or increase body weight to an ideal weight and consume sufficient nutrients. Identify deficiencies in daily intake. For nursing intervention, measure the body weight daily to monitors the weight gain or loss. Monitor hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin, total protein values for monitoring the intake of nutrients, presence of anemia, and colloidal osmotic pressure. Offer and encourage oral hygiene before meals, because poor oral hygiene may cause bad odor and taste, which can reduce appetite. Encourage the patient to rest before meals due to fatigue may decrease appetite and ability to eat. (Lynda juall carpenito-moyet) Provide small, frequent meals for patient instead of few large ones, because even distribution of intake can help to prevent feeling full and ensures enough nutritional intake. Determine food preferences and selected low or no protein and low salt (no more than 1500 mg/day of sodium). If possible, encourage the patients relative to bring permitted foods from home. Prevent constipation to reduce abdominal pressure and fullness. Administer Lactulose liquid 20mal three times a day as physi cian ordered. Plan for management after discharge, patient x should back to the old age home and have follow up by community geriatric assessment service. Recommend short the follow up clinically admission if symptomatic ascites occur. Refer PCU home care nurse for visiting and symptom assessment, and admission clinically for symptom management. Learning points After this total patient care study, I have learnt that more understand the cause and care of ascites. And know that to provide a holistic care not only physical nursing care, but also we need to care the patient mental, social, finical condition, and discharge planning Make sure patient can have a complete care after discharge. Word count: 1452 Black, J. M. Hawks, J. H. (2009). Medical-Surgical nursing: Clinical management for positive outcomes. Missouri: Saunders. George F. Longstreth MD http://www.healthline.com/adamcontent/ascites#ixzz11s5PVSzi Head-To-Toe Assessment (R. Abdomen) (Head-To-Toe Assessment (R. Abdomen), 2008) (Cirrhosis Ascites). http://www.healthcentral.com/ency/408/guides/000075_11.html

The Power Struggle in Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita :: Nabokov Lolita Essays

The Power Struggle in Lolita      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to literary theories and the theories of Fredrich Nietzsche, human beings have an unquenchable urge for power and will use "ethics," and everything else, in order to increase their authority. In Nabokov's Lolita, we see how Humbert controls Lolita in the beginning stages of their relationship but eventually finds himself going mad because of her deceitful ways and the control she has over his sexual desires.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel introduces HumbertHumbert, a man with charm and the dignity of being a teacher in Paris. Yet, we instantly find he is a sexually disturbed man, lusting for young, prepubescent girls. His perversions are obvious--we can tell from his journal--and the ideas are highly obsessive with the topic of young girls. His mind is always on his first true love, his young Annabel, who died a short time after his first sexual encounter with her. Humbert says, "I see Annabel in such general terms as: 'honey-colored skin,' 'thin arms,' 'brown bobbed hair,' 'long lashes,' 'big bright mouth' (11). This, in fact, becomes his outline for a nymphet, or a girl between the ages of 9 and 14. One who meets his strict criteria is to become a gem in his eyes, yet treated with the same objectivity as a whore. He considers them all sexual objects for his enjoyment because he is a man who wishes to dominate these girls at such a young age.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Using Nietzsche's theories on power and dominance over others, we can see that Humbert is a man who meets his criterion of someone driven on obtaining the control and respect of those who can be easily manipulated. In a theory entitled "The Superman," he writes:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The strong man must rid himself of all idea that it is disgraceful to yield to his acute and ever-present yearning for still more strength. There must be an abandonment of the old slave-morality and a transvaluation of moral values. The will to power must be emancipated from the bonds of that system of ethics which brands it with infamy. (Mencken 105)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nietzsche sees someone with total power as one with no regard for anyone other than himself.

A Tommy Hilfiger Advertisement that Insults America Essay -- Advertise

A Tommy Hilfiger Advertisement that Insults America There are a lot different types of sitcoms, and other types of advertising out there in this day in age. The one ad that fell upon my eyes, and pulled me enough its way to persuade me to write a paper on is a Tommy Hilfiger Advertisement. This advertisement is a true way to show how much advertisement has become demoralizing, and appealing to the eye. â€Å"They sell values, images, and concepts of success and worth, love, and sexuality, popularity and normalcy†. (Kilbourne, 178) Advertising has taken many different methods throughout history to attract people to its products. Advertisers use television, newspapers, magazines, and many other methods. It uses different types of color, and measures to attract people. They try to put many different objects and things with their product that actually half of the time does not even belong. The most charming ads sometimes even stick in our minds for long periods of time. That is a goal of the advertiser. To make an ad that sticks in someone’s mind. These days though, advertising has been so plagued by false advertisement. The reason I picked the ad I did is because of how much false advertisement, and deception the picture is portraying. Firstly I will describe everything in the picture. It’s an ad advertising a fragrance from Tommy Hilfiger. There is an American flag in the background. There is an American flag covered couch people are sitting on. There is a big house in the background. There are six people total in the picture. Each person is wearing all Tommy Hilfiger brand clothes. The people are a mix in between different cultures as well. Plus the people all generally look very good. Then lastly, the caption reads as â€Å"the real American fragrance†. Can you see how offensive it is already? What kind of baloney is it that they would use the American symbol in three different ways just to represent their product? The America flag represents so much to everyone in United States. It represents â€Å"freedom†. It reminds different people of many different things. It can range from memories of all the past battles brave men have fought so that this land still remains ours, or it could have many other dynamic meanings to other people. How dare this ad uses the American flag with its advertising scheme. Tommy Hilfiger has nothing to... ...m it seems like. â€Å"Style is a personal choice.† (Trimbur, 215) We should make our own choices as adults, and as teenagers. We should look pass the fancy clothes, the stereotypes, and the brand name, and buy clothes that define ourselves. That colors the character that is behind us, not the character that advertisers encourages us to be. Bibliography: 1. Reading Culture: Contexts for Critical Reading and Writing. Diana George and John Trimbur. â€Å"They sell values, images, and concepts of success and worth, love, and sexuality, popularity and normalcy†. (Kilbourne, 178) 2. Reading Culture: Contexts for Critical Reading and Writing. Diana George and John Trimbur. â€Å"Media images are so persuasive, they can easily become prototypes of style, class, or even profession.† (Brownmiller, 209) 3. Reading Culture: Contexts for Critical Reading and Writing. Diana George and John Trimbur. They are each generally exposed to over 2,000 ads a day as Kilbourne states. (Kilbourne, 178) 4. Reading Culture: Contexts for Critical Reading and Writing. Diana George and John Trimbur. â€Å"Style is a personal choice.† (Trimbur, 215)

Identity and Belonging Context Essay Essay

A strong sense of identity & belonging are vital for personal happiness. Intro; Imagine youre a child on a playground who is bullied. You feel rejected and left out. At home with your family you are comforted and warm, and you are able to play games and do what you like, be yourself. Although you do not feel as though you belong at school, you feel as though you belong. This makes you happy. You can be yourself and your identity is not lost when you are at home. Some could argue that this is personal happiness. However it could be stated that because you have not got a strong sense of a identity in the outside world, it is difficult to understand your public identity, therefore perhaps not even have one. Some have multiple identities for different communites in their lives. Humans are not meant to belong to every group there is, our likes and dislikes form our identity and who were are. In saying this, it is important to have a strong sense of who you are and where you belong, regard less of who this is and where this person belongs. Belonging to multiple groups means sometimes changing your identity for these groups. You might be the confident coach of a soccer team, but also the quiet and demure listener of a book reading evry week. Identity is formed around what a person is like. gaga. To not understand oneself adds difficulty in finding where you belong. Perfect chinese children; ‘ Erica doesn’t speak to [her] for the rest of the day. Without knowing why, [she is] ashamed’. Vanessa is ashamed because Erica saw her as resembling the Australians more than an Asian, but she doesn’t understand when she is just as ridiculed as Erica is. This puts Vanessa in a confusing and upsetting place, not knowing who she is and who she belongs with. She doesn’t understand if she is Asian or aussie, and in her world those seem to be the only two places to fit in. If you don’t have an identity, how are you supposed to know where you belong? Youre identity is like a key to your own happiness. If you know who you are, and what you like or don’t like, you know where you belong. An identity crisis can cause you to feel lost and unknown

New Zealand Families Today

RESEARCH PROJECT Women in ulterior action sen decennaryce who energise elect to prevail voluntarily childfree what ar the implications if some(prenominal)(prenominal)? 1. exact The aim of the inquiry is to search the implications of stay voluntarily childfree for women in gunmansequently criticality at bottom the newfangled Plym go forthh district of spic-and-span Zealand. 1. a. INTRODUCTION Within m both westbound industrialised societies thither ar flavours that children translate fulfillment, decease purpose and off ready solitariness in subsequently feel. at that place atomic number 18 tales like the Three Spinsters from the writers The Brothers Grimm which hasten contributed to the stereotypes of unfruitful women as unaccompanied, bitter and unfulfilled for decades.If children ar necessary at preventing al unitaryness in older come on on that point is look up in regards to the current Zealand population trend. The 2006 pertly Zealand censu s released reports that by 2016 one in four women leave tarry childless. The implications of the gon that children argon necessary for antiquated eudaemonia could mean that our ageing generations whitethorn be prone to loneliness. The changing demographics of our family combine with the findings that thither is no inquiry to watch on unpaid childfree women in by and by vivification indoors newfound Zealand has amplified my disport in this prove topic.My interest in this look into pro touch stems from my own determine in vivification. I am a 35 year old Pakeha cleaning woman who has chosen to remain childfree. I acquit had many assurances put forward to me in regards to my personal choice to remain voluntarily childfree. These ar mainly aimed around the nonion that I am destined for loneliness in afterwards liveness and that I testament be unfulfilled. in that respectfore I take a crap made my position inwardly this question proposal transp arnt a s I acknowledge it is influential to my attitude when I undertake the look. Delwyn cogitation page 2 The investigate proposal depart outline the explore methodology to be carried out. The look pass on be soft base on a womens rightists horizon, to tin knowledge of women issues, for women from women. The explore entrust be guided by feminist ideology and search the affectionately constructed norms of womanhood without motherhood. The entropy solicitation ordain be the use of tier state which is fitting with soft seek. The story relative operation get out school the detective on how the thespians came to their chosen demeanor path.This impart be enlightening as the histrions came from the eras of where motherhood and childbirth was predominately something that happened to women non chosen by women (Held, 1989, as cited in Riley, 2008). The participants for the explore ordain be women who pay back chosen to remain childfree and they entrust be o er the age of 65. The age string of 65 plus is described as late adulthood in gay come upment supportspan theories (Berk, 2007). I know chosen this age criteria because critical kind, horny and developmental stages fall in this stop of life which are broadly normal to almost sr. (Berk, 2007).The search proposal pass oning besides be based on the reinvigorated Plymouth district of tonic Zealand. The brisk Plymouth district constitutes of modernistic Plymouth and the towns of Waitara, Inglewood, Urenui, Okato, toll Block, Oakura and many other smaller country-style communities ( tonic Plymouth govern Council, n. d. ). Within untried Zealand there is no empirical query assoil on forward-looking Zealand unpaid childless women in smaller urban areas in posterior life, hence why the research give be conducted here. 2. LITERATURE freshen upThis lit revue has minimal speech to tonic Zealand literature as there is a limited tuition on automatic childfree persons within sore Zealand. therefrom the majority of the literature relied on is sourced from horse opera industrialised countries. In 1997, Cameron investigated voluntary childless within new-fashioned Zealand in her tidings Without Issue New Zealanders who study not to have children. The participants within Delwyn orbit paginate 3 the research were numerous and compound mostly the qualitative approach of telling their story (Cameron, 1997). bingle of the free radicals that was highlighted in Camerons (1997) study was the brotherly perceptions of voluntary childfree persons the assumption that they were un contented, selfish, emotionally unstable, immature and LONELY. This assumption of alone(p) old women has fueled the myth that those who choose not to have children are dismission to be miserable in their ulterior years (Cameron, 1997). This was a putting green theme un breeded in further literature. This unimaginative image of voluntary childfree as lonely and unfulfilled is still predominating in our society in the twenty first century.Riley in her 2008 get the hang of well-disposed Science in Psychology researched stereotyping of voluntary childfree couples within New Zealand. This qualitative study oppugned and held focus classs of ten couples, to delve into stereotypes, military presss and harassments of their chosen life path. cardinal of the stereotypes that were identified was that they were destined for loneliness in later life (Riley, 2008, p. ii). byout Rileys 2008 thesis the belief by those who have/want children is that for idiosyncratics in society, and especially women children were fat in providing fulfillment and companionship.Jamison, Franzini and Kaplan (1979, cited in Riley, 2008) probe of the Statesn university students takeed Riley (2008) view that there are negative implications for women in later life who were remain childfree. The students perceived these women to be less likely to be happy and satisf ied in old age (Jamison, Franzini & Kaplan, 1979 cited in Riley, 2008, p. 21). The participants in Rileys (2008) research noted that there was harassment and pressure in regards to the implications and risks they were taking in remaining childfree.These were depicted objects that in later life they would be alone, they would not have children to sustain or give them fulfillment this would be internalised and their universe sanctionance would be effected (Riley, 2008). Delwyn Field scallywag 4 Regret is a message that childfree persons seem to hear continually in regards to their decision (Cameron, 1997). But there is to understand research that has actually provided the opposite outcome. In Jeffries and Konnett (2002) research found that 22 out of 23 participants of the Canadian voluntary childfree women did not regret their decision nor felt that their well- be was affected by their decision.When analyzing Zhang and Haywards (2001) quantitative research of Ameri hatfuls in the 1993 Asset and wellness Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) to quit the mental well world of childless older persons stereotypes are actually unfounded. The result of their research give over that childlessness when voluntary did not oppose the supposition that childlessness increases loneliness and depression for divorced, widowed and neer married ripened persons (Zhang & Hayward, 2001, p. 311). Therefore children make little difference in how women descend in later life in regards to loneliness.This was again confirmed by Rempels (1985) research obligate into the childless remote. Rempel apply the 1979 mixer Change in Canadas entropy base to compare childless and parent elderly. The results from the research showed that statistically there were minimal disparities of what they were missing in life. The article stated there were benefits to both choices in life. When reviewing the article Rempel (1985) highlighted the major power of those who were childfree to have a parallel quality of life of those who were parents in later life. This refutes the name that childfree elderly are isolated and lonely.What points to the parallel quality of life is that thou adult children provide support communicates to elderly parents. The childfree elderly withal have an established mesh take to the woods of friends and family e. g. siblings who contribute to their support networks (Rempel, 1985). Rempel (1985) suggest this is delinquent(p) to childfree persons knowing that in later life children are not going to be available. So in twirl they produce a life that ticks they are capable self reliant elderly with an established support network they nurture (Rempel, 1985, p. 347). Delwyn Field scallywag 5Zhang and Hayward (2001) confirmed that the amicable support network was crucial in childfree elderly maintaining wellbeing. Their research linked older childless persons being integrated into close friend networks alternatively of the close family networks older parents had established this was on par or to a great level at providing support (Zhang and Hayward, 2001). The research also underpinned the role of siblings, nieces and nephews played in elderly childfree lives as being valuable compared to that of elderly parents lives (Zhang and Hayward, 2001).Connidis and Davis (1990) qualitative survey of over 400 older person to conclude the place of family and friends in later life also states the use of differing support networks of elderly commonwealth is beneficial. In depth individual one hour oppugns in America discovered that among elderly persons a alter well-disposed network provides the best support in later life (Connidis and Davis, 1990). This is most favorable to childfree women as they tend to develop the strongest ties with friends and siblings as both companions and confidents (Connidis & Davis, 1990).This whitethorn be again collectable to ensuring their self reliance in later life cod to no children to depend upon. One of the detect findings in loneliness, loving isolation and living(a) alone in later life was the size of it of the individuals favorable network in offsetting negative effectuate of loneliness (Victor, Bowling, Bond & Scambler, n. d). Though a large amount of this literature review has shown loneliness is not the destiny of elderly childfree persons, it unfortunately has not included New Zealand childfree women.Therefore when analyzing Rileys (2008) childfree participants in her New Zealand study was there any signalise theme that was established in regards to societal networks and loneliness pertaining to the participants? altogether participants raised the c at oncern of their status childfree as making them to a greater extent socially excluded. The difficulty of remaining friends with volume when they became parents was expressed due to the nature of the kinship would change (Riley, 2008, p. 57). Maintaining friendships with parents was an issue an d affected social networks.Cameron (1997) also discovered this in her Delwyn Field page 6 study that childfree people believe that if they were parents they would have access to bigger social networks (Cameron, 1997). This is because parents have much in common with other parents children provide a connection that is not available to childfree (Riley, 2008). Although to date no info could be found within the literature research to confirm that parenting is a stock-purchase warrant to social inclusion. Unfortunately no participants were elderly to conclude loneliness in later life.More research gather ups to be conducted in regards to New Zealand Childfree persons to conclude social network supports and loneliness in elderly here. An article released by New Zealand Statistics in 2008 concluded that if trends continue one in four elderly women in New Zealand leave behind be childless. New Zealand statistics also stated that childless is to a greater extent common among women liv ing in main urban areas (Boddington & Didham, 2008). Boddington and Didham (2008) who collated this in holdation from the 2006 census state this is due to the larger social networks available in main urban areas.So provide women who remain voluntary childfree and reside in smaller urban areas, be subjected to to a greater extent negative impacts from their decision due to to a greater extent smaller social networks? 3. METHOD The research proposed is from a qualitative approach victimization storytelling as a means of discipline sight. This method is utilize because of the argument presented in favor of qualitative research that it views the social world as a complex, energising reality of multiple layers of meaning (Connolly, 2002, p. 27). Therefore qualitative info changes a more comprehensive cleverness into the complexity of people.qualitative research also supports feminist principles of where women are collaborative and equal in the research (Smith & noble-Spreull, 1 986). Where-as if a quantitative method was applied in this research, it would focus on controlled data where the police detective has a hierarchical human relationship with the researched, thus not equal and consonant with feminist values. similarly by means of telling their stories women are given a piece to speak out within the public arena Delwyn Field foliate 7 on pronatalism attitudes (promoting childbearing) which have been linked with olden values and subordination of women (Riley, 2008).In turn this research lead empower women to explore the complexity of childfree women which is important for womens lib. Hence the qualitative approach when researching women who choose to remain voluntary childfree embraces the feminist perspective and enables us to essay understanding and information from the participants point of view (Bryman, 2001). 3. 1 selective information COLLECTION The data collection for the research is finished with(p) one on one query through story telling. Davidson & Tolich state storytelling aims to explore an individuals identitythrough personal accounts (Alice, 2003, p. 6). It is a method that reveals bass data because when individuals talk of their understanding of events they whitethorn retell it giving greater insight to the complexity of their experiences and themselves (Webster & Mertova, 2007). This would be favorable in this research because the participants whitethorn have rather unequaled and complex accounts of their chosen life path where their point of view is vital for data collection. Feminists also believe that storytelling is unique at capturing the diversity of experiences betwixt women (Alice, 2003, p. 67).The interviews go away be conducted within the participants home, at generation which are most convenient for them. There is no structured time set due to the nature of the data collection method, but the research is based on one or two in depth interviews. The life stories pass on provide the i nterview format, my role as the detective give be to provide prompts to throw out the devolve of the interview work. Being an insider within the research proposal, and having my position transparent through contributing and sharing in the interview, give enhance the process of sharing stories.Through the storytelling collection method the research allow explore to cover several aspects of the participants life story. These testament be consistent with revealing data that willing abet to conclude what it is like to be voluntary childfree in later life. charm appendix one for subject social occasion the interviews will be seeking to cover from each participant. If a more nut structured Delwyn Field Page 8 interview was to take place assumptions some the participant may taint their tie-up and limit the data collected (Bryman 2001).The interviews will be recorded by audiotape, once respond is gained from the participants (Appendix two). This will enable me, the interview er, to remain focused on the participants and enable the flow of the interview. Note taking will not be included as it may distort respondents answers and may be interruptive in the flow of the interview (Bryman 2001). The audiotapes will be transcribed by the interviewer and transferred to a big(a) replicate. The participants will be invited to be supplied with a beat copy of the audio interview and hard copy.This will in turn encourage reciprocality i. e. equal bi directional relationships within the research process, which is in line with feminism ideology (Smith & Noble-Spreull, 1986). It will also rent for the participants to confirm and have the probability to gossip and make changes to their stories. This empowers the participant and encourages an egalitarian relationship which is congruent with qualitative research (Smith & Noble Spreull, 1986). The data through out the research abide will be kept in a locked file console within my home in Taranaki.All information th at is stored on computer will be contained in a undecomposed file. At the end of the research project all data will be destroyed that is held on the computer, and within the filing cabinet. The participants audio tapes and hard copy transcripts will be returned to them or destroyed at the end of the research depending on their personal preference. The qualitative research will be analysed using cryptography where data retrieved from the story telling is bewildered down to key findings using the themes from the interview guide and other categories (appendix one).The other categories may be quite broad due to the in-depth nature of the data collection, thus sub categories may evolve through the data digest (Bryman, 2001). The use of coding within the research enables the police detective to review transcripts and trace significant common themes of the participants interviews Delwyn Field Page 9 (Bryman, 2001). The coding process will categorize the participants life stories show ing common patterns in the social world of those who remain voluntary childfree and bear for analysis of the data (Bryman, 2001).Within the data collection coding should be done as soon as doable to sharpen your understanding of the data and help with providing other emerging patterns (Bryman, 2001, p. 398). These patterns above the interview themes will contribute to the findings and the development of a theory to conclude the implications of remaining voluntarily childfree in later life. Once the coding is complete the data can be statistically analysed. 3. 2 SAMPLE concourse/ PARTICIPANTS The sample class will consist of septette voluntary participants.The criteria for the sample sort out will be female, aged 65 years plus, voluntary childfree, living fissiparous within the New Plymouth district union and have no cognitive balk e. g. Alzheimers and dementia. The participants will be recruited through volunteer means. An advertisement will be placed within the local New Plymouth Midweek paper, over a stay of two months recruiting volunteer participants (appendix four). The advertisement will also target local authorization Age Concern to advertise in their news earn magazine (Appendix four).Recruitment will also depend on invitations been broaden through snowballing where the researcher depends on the social network groups of childfree women to enable invitation. Bryman (2001) describes snowballing as the opportunity to use a small group to recruit other participants who are relevant for the research. This method of recruitment is chosen because there is no data base to seek women who have chosen to remain voluntary childfree available in New Zealand. The researcher will select the first seven participants who meet the chosen criteria.The number of participants allows the researcher to acquire a large fair to middling sample base for data to be consequential in providing an analysis of voluntary childfree women. The Delwyn Field Page 10 group n umber is also conducive in enabling the type of data collection method to be effectively conducted. This is due the in depth nature of story telling collection methods in lodge with the time restraints of the research proposal. The selected seven participants will be sent a garner introducing the researcher stating what is required as participants (appendix three), and a consent form (appendix two).The consent form will tell the participants of their rights, where the information will be used and guarantee them that they can swallow from the research at any time (appendix two). 4. ETHICAL ISSUES Through my study as a social work student I will be guided by the Aotearoa New Zealand connective of amicable naturaliseers (ANZASW) Code of ethics (2008) estimable responsibilities in research. The research carried out will be in line with social work practice and be fine to the wellbeing and dignity of participants by consolidation the following into the research proposed (ANZAS W, 2008, p. 4). Before pioneer any recruitment the research proposed will be taken to the Western initiate of Technology (WITT) Ethics Committee to seek guidance and advice in regards to what research ethical motive committee I may need to gain approval from. This will ensure that the research meets the appropriate standards of being ethically sound. Within the voluntary recruitment process no participants will be obtained by coercion nor by force and at all times through out the research the participants have the right to withdraw without explanation to the researcher (Wilkinson, 2001, p. 6). The introduction letter (Appendix three) will be to ensure that participants are moneyedly informed of all relevant information in regards to the nature, purpose and process of the research that is to be carried out. This information will be securey disclosed whether the participant has asked for it or not and will ensure that the participant gains full knowledge of what they are getting into (Wilkinson, 2001). This will all be disclosed before obtaining create verbally consent (Appendix two) from the participants so that no deception occurs. Delwyn FieldPage 11 All data collection methods will be conducted in a manner that upholds the principles of Te Tiriti O Waitangi partnership, participation and protection. The research will be conducted so that self determination is sustained. This will be through participants obtaining a full copy of the audio interview and written copy of the transcript for clarification. This will also provide the opportunity for them to change and take away any information that they do not wish to be disclosed. Confidentiality will be upheld, names of participants will be deleted.Participants will be informed though that some information given may enable them to be identified due to the size of the demographic area so complete confidentiality can not be fully guaranteed. All information obtained will be destroyed on completion of the res earch project, with the option that participants may have information returned to them if they wish. The concern for harm within the research would be that the research topic may generate negative memories and emotions for the participants.Under the article 8. 1 of the ANZASW Code of Ethics (2008) the researcher must take all possible steps to protect participants, if distress does occur a referral to a counselor will be provided (ANZASW, 2008, p. 14). This service will be available during and up to the completion of the research. authorisation problems that may occur in nerve-wracking to carry out the research may be the perception that I the researcher are too young, thus discrediting my ability causing the participants to not talk to me.Also the ability to gain participants who wish to cope their stories of their chosen life path of voluntarily remaining childfree may be considered too personal to share. If not enough participants are found the sample may not be large enough to give a significant and fair analysis of the implications of remaining childfree in later life within the New Plymouth district. Delwyn Field Page 12 At all times I will seek supervising due to my own personal position within the research topic. This will be to ensure information obtained from the research will not spark off any negative mental discomfort in my own personal life. . CONCLUSION This research proposal is an opportunity for women to tell their stories and enlighten society that womanhood in later life is not just treasured on motherhood, thus disputing pronaltist ideology (Riley, 2008). These stories will hopefully support existing literature and remove assumptions, allowing voluntarily childfree women to be more valued in our society and not stereotyped for later life implications. One of the greatest benefits of this research is that undertaking research on women in later life who are voluntary childfree may assist future elderly generations.This is through provid ing rich data from their life stories which may conclude coping techniques to ensure well being an offset loneliness in later life. With using a feminist perspective in the qualitative research methodology the research will work for women and give a voice to empower them in their choices. The weakness of the research is that there is no quantitative data for triangulation which may have provided the research with more validity and reliability. proximo studies within New Zealand will be beneficial due to the limitations of this proposed research. Delwyn Field Page 13 6. BibliographyAlice, L. (2003). Power, experience, and process in femininst research. In C. Davidson & M. Tolich (Eds. ). Social Science search In New Zealand Many Paths to Understanding. (2nd ed. ). 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